Gynecomastia Questions & Answers

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17. Shozu M, Sebastian S, Takayama K, et al. Estrogen excess associated with novel gain-of-function mutations affecting the aromatase gene. N Engl J Med. 2003 May 8. 348(19):1855-65. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Thompson DF, Carter JR. Drug-induced gynecomastia. Pharmacotherapy. 1993 Jan-Feb. 13(1):37-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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20. Nuttall FQ, Warrier RS, Gannon MC. Gynecomastia and drugs: a critical evaluation of the literature. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2015 May. 71 (5):569-78. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

21. Henley DV, Lipson N, Korach KS, Bloch CA. Prepubertal gynecomastia linked to lavender and tea tree oils. N Engl J Med. 2007 Feb 1. 356(5):479-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Hagberg KW, Divan HA, Fang SC, Nickel JC, Jick SS. Risk of gynecomastia and breast cancer associated with the use of 5-alpha reductase inhibitors for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Clin Epidemiol. 2017 Feb 10. 9:83-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

23. Kenny J, Doerholt K, Gibb DM, Judd A, Collaborative HIV Paediatric Study (CHIPS) Steering Committee. Who Gets Severe Gynecomastia Among HIV-infected Children in the United Kingdom and Ireland?. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2017 Mar. 36 (3):307-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Njuguna C, Swart A, Blockman M, et al. Cases of antiretroviral-associated gynaecomastia reported to the National HIV & Tuberculosis Health Care Worker Hotline in South Africa. AIDS Res Ther. 2016. 13:40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

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26. Sir E, Ucer O, Aksoy A, Gungor M, Ceylan Y. Sexual function and hormone profile in young adult men with idiopathic gynecomastia: Comparison with healthy controls. Breast Dis. 2016 Jan 22. 36 (1):1-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Telegrafo M, Introna T, Coi L, et al. Breast US as primary imaging modality for diagnosing gynecomastia. G Chir. 2016 May-Jun. 37 (3):118-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Ramadan SU, Gokharman D, Kacar M, et al. Assessment of vascularity with color Doppler ultrasound in gynecomastia. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2010 Mar. 16(1):38-44. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

29. Mieritz MG, Christiansen P, Jensen MB, et al. Gynaecomastia in 786 adult men: clinical and biochemical findings. Eur J Endocrinol. 2017 May. 176 (5):555-66. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

30. Innocenti A, Melita D, Mori F, Ciancio F, Innocenti M. Management of Gynecomastia in Patients With Different Body Types: Considerations on 312 Consecutive Treated Cases. Ann Plast Surg. 2017 May. 78 (5):492-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

31. Plourde PV, Kulin HE, Santner SJ. Clomiphene in the treatment of adolescent gynecomastia. Clinical and endocrine studies. Am J Dis Child. 1983 Nov. 137(11):1080-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Bedognetti D, Rubagotti A, Conti G, et al. An open, randomised, multicentre, phase 3 trial comparing the efficacy of two tamoxifen schedules in preventing gynaecomastia induced by bicalutamide monotherapy in prostate cancer patients. Eur Urol. 2009 May 19. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Ghadjar P, Aebersold DM, Albrecht C, et al. Treatment strategies to prevent and reduce gynecomastia and/or breast pain caused by antiandrogen therapy for prostate cancer : Statement from the DEGRO working group prostate cancer. Strahlenther Onkol. 2020 Mar 12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

34. Boccardo F, Rubagotti A, Battaglia M, et al. Evaluation of tamoxifen and anastrozole in the prevention of gynecomastia and breast pain induced by bicalutamide monotherapy of prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Feb 1. 23(4):808-15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Jones DJ, Holt SD, Surtees P, et al. A comparison of danazol and placebo in the treatment of adult idiopathic gynaecomastia: results of a prospective study in 55 patients. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1990 Sep. 72(5):296-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

36. Colombo-Benkmann M, Buse B, Stern J, et al. Indications for and results of surgical therapy for male gynecomastia. Am J Surg. 1999 Jul. 178(1):60-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Davanco RA, Sabino Neto M, Garcia EB, et al. Quality of life in the surgical treatment of gynecomastia. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2008 Oct 25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Ridha H, Colville RJ, Vesely MJ. How happy are patients with their gynaecomastia reduction surgery?. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2008 Aug 28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Benito-Ruiz J, Raigosa M, Manzano M, et al. Assessment of a suction-assisted cartilage shaver plus liposuction for the treatment of gynecomastia. Aesthet Surg J. 2009 Jul-Aug. 29(4):302-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Hammond DC. Surgical correction of gynecomastia. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009 Jul. 124(1 Suppl):61e-68e. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. El Noamani S, Thabet AM, Enab AA, et al. High Grade Gynecomastia: Surgical Correction and Potential Impact on Erectile Function. J Sex Med. 2010 Mar 2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Laituri CA, Garey CL, Ostlie DJ, et al. Treatment of adolescent gynecomastia. J Pediatr Surg. 2010 Mar. 45(3):650-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Brown RH, Chang DK, Siy R, Friedman J. Trends in the Surgical Correction of Gynecomastia. Semin Plast Surg. 2015 May. 29 (2):122-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

44. Lapid O, Klinkenbijl JH, Oomen MW, van Wingerden JJ. Gynaecomastia surgery in the Netherlands: what, why, who, where…. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2014 May. 67 (5):702-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Kasielska-Trojan A, Antoszewski B. Gynecomastia Surgery-Impact on Life Quality: A Prospective Case-Control Study. Ann Plast Surg. 2017 Mar. 78 (3):264-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Zavlin D, Jubbal KT, Friedman JD, Echo A. Complications and Outcomes After Gynecomastia Surgery: Analysis of 204 Pediatric and 1583 Adult Cases from a National Multi-center Database. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2017 Aug. 41 (4):761-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Innocenti A, Melita D, Dreassi E. Incidence of Complications for Different Approaches in Gynecomastia Correction: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2022 Feb 9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

48. Gruntmanis U, Braunstein GD. Treatment of gynecomastia. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2001 May. 2(5):643-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Trelles MA, Mordon SR, Bonanad E, Moreno Moraga J, Heckmann A, Unglaub F, et al. Laser-assisted lipolysis in the treatment of gynecomastia: a prospective study in 28 patients. Lasers Med Sci. 2013 Feb. 28(2):375-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

George Ansstas, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine

George Ansstas, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

George T Griffing, MD Professor Emeritus of Medicine, St Louis University School of Medicine

George T Griffing, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Physician Leadership, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Medical Practice Executives, American College of Physicians, American Diabetes Association, American Federation for Medical Research, American Heart Association, Central Society for Clinical and Translational Research, Endocrine Society, International Society for Clinical Densitometry, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

George T Griffing, MD Professor Emeritus of Medicine, St Louis University School of Medicine

George T Griffing, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Physician Leadership, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Medical Practice Executives, American College of Physicians, American Diabetes Association, American Federation for Medical Research, American Heart Association, Central Society for Clinical and Translational Research, Endocrine Society, International Society for Clinical Densitometry, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michael Ansstas, MD Fellow in Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, St Louis University Hospital

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mark R Allee, MD Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine

Mark R Allee, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary Zoe Baker, MD Professor, Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine; Medical Director, Medicine Specialty Clinic, General Medicine Clinic and Medicine Residents' Clinic, University of Oklahoma Physicians

Mary Zoe Baker, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American Chemical Society, and American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

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