Dry Eye Disease (Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca) Questions & Answers

1. Golden MI, Meyer JJ, Patel BC. Dry Eye Syndrome. 2022 Jan. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

2. Craig JP, Nichols KK, Akpek EK, Caffery B, Dua HS, Joo CK, et al. TFOS DEWS II Definition and Classification Report. Ocul Surf. 2017 Jul 20. 15:276-283. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Gatzioufas Z, Hamada S, Palioura S. Ocular Surface Disease: Advances in Diagnostics and Therapeutics. J Ophthalmol. 2018. 2018:6342130. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Thoft RA, Friend J. The X, Y, Z hypothesis of corneal epithelial maintenance. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1983 Oct. 24 (10):1442-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Barber LD, Pflugfelder SC, Tauber J, Foulks GN. Phase III safety evaluation of cyclosporine 0.1% ophthalmic emulsion administered twice daily to dry eye disease patients for up to 3 years. Ophthalmology. 2005 Oct. 112(10):1790-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Stonecipher K, Perry HD, Gross RH, Kerney DL. The impact of topical cyclosporine A emulsion 0.05% on the outcomes of patients with keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Curr Med Res Opin. 2005 Jul. 21(7):1057-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Donnefeld ED, et al. Safety of Lifitegrast Ophthalmic Solution 5.0% in Patients With Dry Eye Disease: A 1-Year, Multicenter, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. Cornea. 2016 Jan. 35(6):741-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

8. Holland EJ, Luchs J, Karpecki PM, Nichols KK, Jackson MA, Sall K, et al. Lifitegrast for the Treatment of Dry Eye Disease: Results of a Phase III, Randomized, Double-Masked, Placebo-Controlled Trial (OPUS-3). Ophthalmology. 2017 Jan. 124 (1):53-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Matsumoto Y, Ohashi Y, Watanabe H, Tsubota K. Efficacy and Safety of Diquafosol Ophthalmic Solution in Patients with Dry Eye Syndrome: A Japanese Phase 2 Clinical Trial. Ophthalmology. 2012 Jun 25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Kamiya K, Nakanishi M, Ishii R, Kobashi H, Igarashi A, Sato N, et al. Clinical evaluation of the additive effect of diquafosol tetrasodium on sodium hyaluronate monotherapy in patients with dry eye syndrome: a prospective, randomized, multicenter study. Eye (Lond). 2012 Aug 10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Kinoshita S, Oshiden K, Awamura S, Suzuki H, Nakamichi N, Yokoi N, et al. A randomized, multicenter phase 3 study comparing 2% rebamipide (OPC-12759) with 0.1% sodium hyaluronate in the treatment of dry eye. Ophthalmology. 2013 Jun. 120 (6):1158-65. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Troiano P, Monaco G. Effect of hypotonic 0.4% hyaluronic acid drops in dry eye patients: a cross-over study. Cornea. 2008 Dec. 27 (10):1126-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Alio JL, Rodriguez AE, Ferreira-Oliveira R, Wróbel-Dudzińska D, Abdelghany AA. Treatment of Dry Eye Disease with Autologous Platelet-Rich Plasma: A Prospective, Interventional, Non-Randomized Study. Ophthalmol Ther. 2017 Dec. 6 (2):285-293. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. O'Neil EC, Henderson M, Massaro-Giordano M, Bunya VY. Advances in dry eye disease treatment. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2019 May. 30 (3):166-178. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Akpek EK, Bunya VY, Saldanha IJ. Sjögren's Syndrome: More Than Just Dry Eye. Cornea. 2019 May. 38 (5):658-661. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Lemp MA, Crews LA, Bron AJ, Foulks GN, Sullivan BD. Distribution of aqueous-deficient and evaporative dry eye in a clinic-based patient cohort: a retrospective study. Cornea. 2012 May. 31 (5):472-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Willcox MDP, Argüeso P, Georgiev GA, Holopainen JM, Laurie GW, Millar TJ, et al. TFOS DEWS II Tear Film Report. Ocul Surf. 2017 Jul. 15 (3):366-403. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Foulks GN. The correlation between the tear film lipid layer and dry eye disease. Surv Ophthalmol. 2007 Jul-Aug. 52(4):369-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Bron AJ, de Paiva CS, Chauhan SK, Bonini S, Gabison EE, Jain S, et al. TFOS DEWS II pathophysiology report. Ocul Surf. 2017 Jul. 15 (3):438-510. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Lambiase A, Micera A, Sacchetti M, Cortes M, Mantelli F, Bonini S. Alterations of tear neuromediators in dry eye disease. Arch Ophthalmol. 2011 Aug. 129(8):981-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Lee HK, Ryu IH, Seo KY, Hong S, Kim HC, Kim EK. Topical 0.1% prednisolone lowers nerve growth factor expression in keratoconjunctivitis sicca patients. Ophthalmology. 2006 Feb. 113(2):198-205. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Sullivan DA, Rocha EM, Aragona P, Clayton JA, Ding J, Golebiowski B, et al. TFOS DEWS II Sex, Gender, and Hormones Report. Ocul Surf. 2017 Jul. 15 (3):284-333. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Truong S, Cole N, Stapleton F, Golebiowski B. Sex hormones and the dry eye. Clin Exp Optom. 2014 Jul. 97 (4):324-36. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Supalaset S, Tananuvat N, Pongsatha S, Chaidaroon W, Ausayakhun S. A Randomized Controlled Double-Masked Study of Transdermal Androgen in Dry Eye Patients Associated With Androgen Deficiency. Am J Ophthalmol. 2019 Jan. 197:136-144. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. The epidemiology of dry eye disease: report of the Epidemiology Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye WorkShop (2007). Ocul Surf. 2007 Apr. 5(2):93-107. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Stapleton F, Alves M, Bunya VY, Jalbert I, Lekhanont K, Malet F, et al. TFOS DEWS II Epidemiology Report. Ocul Surf. 2017 Jul. 15 (3):334-365. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Farrand KF, Fridman M, Stillman IÖ, Schaumberg DA. Prevalence of Diagnosed Dry Eye Disease in the United States Among Adults Aged 18 Years and Older. Am J Ophthalmol. 2017 Oct. 182:90-98. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Bradley JL, Özer Stillman I, Pivneva I, Guerin A, Evans AM, Dana R. Dry eye disease ranking among common reasons for seeking eye care in a large US claims database. Clin Ophthalmol. 2019. 13:225-232. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Yu J, Asche CV, Fairchild CJ. The economic burden of dry eye disease in the United States: a decision tree analysis. Cornea. 2011 Apr. 30 (4):379-87. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Nien CJ, Massei S, Lin G, Nabavi C, Tao J, Brown DJ, et al. Effects of age and dysfunction on human meibomian glands. Arch Ophthalmol. 2011 Apr. 129(4):462-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Galor A, Feuer W, Lee DJ, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of dry eye syndrome in a United States veterans affairs population. Am J Ophthalmol. 2011 Sep. 152(3):377-384.e2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Methodologies to diagnose and monitor dry eye disease: report of the Diagnostic Methodology Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye WorkShop (2007). Ocul Surf. 2007 Apr. 5(2):108-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Shen L, Suresh L, Lindemann M, Xuan J, Kowal P, Malyavantham K, et al. Novel autoantibodies in Sjogren's syndrome. Clin Immunol. 2012 Dec. 145 (3):251-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Wolffsohn JS, Arita R, Chalmers R, Djalilian A, Dogru M, Dumbleton K, et al. TFOS DEWS II Diagnostic Methodology report. Ocul Surf. 2017 Jul. 15 (3):539-574. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Li W, Graham AD, Selvin S, Lin MC. Ocular Surface Cooling Corresponds to Tear Film Thinning and Breakup. Optom Vis Sci. 2015 Sep. 92 (9):e248-56. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Korb DR, Herman JP, Finnemore VM, Exford JM, Blackie CA. An evaluation of the efficacy of fluorescein, rose bengal, lissamine green, and a new dye mixture for ocular surface staining. Eye Contact Lens. 2008 Jan. 34 (1):61-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Gilbard JP, Farris RL, Santamaria J 2nd. Osmolarity of tear microvolumes in keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Arch Ophthalmol. 1978 Apr. 96(4):677-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Lemp MA, Bron AJ, Baudouin C, Benítez Del Castillo JM, Geffen D, Tauber J, et al. Tear osmolarity in the diagnosis and management of dry eye disease. Am J Ophthalmol. 2011 May. 151(5):792-798.e1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Arita R, Itoh K, Maeda S, Maeda K, Furuta A, Fukuoka S, et al. Proposed diagnostic criteria for obstructive meibomian gland dysfunction. Ophthalmology. 2009 Nov. 116 (11):2058-63.e1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Brooks M. FDA Clears Rapid Test for Dry Eye Disease. Medscape [serial online]. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/815263. Accessed: June 6, 2023.

41. Behrens A, Doyle JJ, Stern L, et al. Dysfunctional tear syndrome: a Delphi approach to treatment recommendations. Cornea. 2006 Sep. 25(8):900-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Sheppard JD Jr, Singh R, McClellan AJ, Weikert MP, Scoper SV, Joly TJ, et al. Long-term Supplementation With n-6 and n-3 PUFAs Improves Moderate-to-Severe Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial. Cornea. 2013 Oct. 32 (10):1297-304. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Donnenfeld ED. Effect of oral re-esterified Omega-3 nutritional supplementation on dry eye disease: double-masked randomized placebo-controlled study. Paper presented at: ASCRS. April 17-21, 2015; San Diego.

44. Jones L, Downie LE, Korb D, Benitez-Del-Castillo JM, Dana R, Deng SX, et al. TFOS DEWS II Management and Therapy Report. Ocul Surf. 2017 Jul. 15 (3):575-628. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Baiza-Duran L, Medrano-Palafox J, Hernandez-Quintela E, Lozano-Alcazar J, Alaniz-de la O JF. A comparative clinical trial of the efficacy of two different aqueous solutions of cyclosporine for the treatment of moderate-to-severe dry eye syndrome. Br J Ophthalmol. 2010 Oct. 94(10):1312-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Tauber J, et al. Lifitegrast Ophthalmic Solution 5.0% versus Placebo for Treatment of Dry Eye Disease: Results of the Randomized Phase III OPUS-2 Study. Ophthalmology. 2015 Dec. 122(12):2423-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

47. Holland EJ, et al. Lifitegrast clinical efficacy for treatment of signs and symptoms of dry eye disease across three randomized controlled trials. Curr Med Res Opin. 2016 Jul 8. 1-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Sheppard JD, et al. Lifitegrast ophthalmic solution 5.0% for treatment of dry eye disease: results of the OPUS-1 phase 3 study. Ophthalmology. 2014 Feb. 121(2):475-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Sheppard JD, Donnenfeld ED, Holland EJ, Slonim CB, Solomon R, Solomon KD, et al. Effect of loteprednol etabonate 0.5% on initiation of dry eye treatment with topical cyclosporine 0.05%. Eye Contact Lens. 2014 Sep. 40 (5):289-96. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Mazet R, Yaméogo JBG, Wouessidjewe D, Choisnard L, Gèze A. Recent Advances in the Design of Topical Ophthalmic Delivery Systems in the Treatment of Ocular Surface Inflammation and Their Biopharmaceutical Evaluation. Pharmaceutics. 2020 Jun 19. 12 (6):[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Korenfeld M, Nichols KK, Goldberg D, Evans D, Sall K, Foulks G, et al. Safety of KPI-121 Ophthalmic Suspension 0.25% in Patients With Dry Eye Disease: A Pooled Analysis of 4 Multicenter, Randomized, Vehicle-Controlled Studies. Cornea. 2021 May 1. 40 (5):564-570. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Wirta D, Vollmer P, Paauw J, Chiu KH, Henry E, Striffler K, et al. Efficacy and Safety of OC-01 (Varenicline) Nasal Spray on Signs and Symptoms of Dry Eye Disease: the ONSET-2 Phase 3, Randomized Trial. Ophthalmology. 2021 Nov 9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Takamura E, Tsubota K, Watanabe H, Ohashi Y. A randomised, double-masked comparison study of diquafosol versus sodium hyaluronate ophthalmic solutions in dry eye patients. Br J Ophthalmol. 2012 Oct. 96(10):1310-1315. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Park JK, Cremers S, Kossler AL. Neurostimulation for tear production. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2019 Sep. 30 (5):386-394. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Kossler AL, Wang J, Feuer W, Tse DT. Neurostimulation of the lacrimal nerve for enhanced tear production. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015 Mar-Apr. 31 (2):145-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Friedman NJ, Butron K, Robledo N, Loudin J, Baba SN, Chayet A. A nonrandomized, open-label study to evaluate the effect of nasal stimulation on tear production in subjects with dry eye disease. Clin Ophthalmol. 2016. 10:795-804. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Cohn GS, Corbett D, Tenen A, Coroneo M, McAlister J, Craig JP, et al. Randomized, Controlled, Double-Masked, Multicenter, Pilot Study Evaluating Safety and Efficacy of Intranasal Neurostimulation for Dry Eye Disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2019 Jan 2. 60 (1):147-153. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Sheppard JD, Torkildsen GL, Geffin JA, Dao J, Evans DG, Ousler GW, et al. Characterization of tear production in subjects with dry eye disease during intranasal tear neurostimulation: Results from two pivotal clinical trials. Ocul Surf. 2019 Jan. 17 (1):142-150. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. Celik T, Katircioglu YA, Singar E, Kosker M, Budak K, Kasim R, et al. Clinical outcomes of amniotıc membrane transplantatıon in patients with corneal and conjunctival disorders. Semin Ophthalmol. 2013 Jan. 28 (1):41-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

60. Mataftsi A, Subbu RG, Jones S, Nischal KK. The use of punctal plugs in children. Br J Ophthalmol. 2012 Jan. 96(1):90-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

61. Ohba E, Dogru M, Hosaka E, et al. Surgical punctal occlusion with a high heat-energy releasing cautery device for severe dry eye with recurrent punctal plug extrusion. Am J Ophthalmol. 2011 Mar. 151(3):483-487.e1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

62. Geerling G, Tost FH. Surgical occlusion of the lacrimal drainage system. Dev Ophthalmol. 2008. 41:213-29. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

63. Sheppard JD, Kurata F, Epitropoulos AT, Krösser S, Vittitow JL, MOJAVE Study Group. NOV03 for Signs and Symptoms of Dry Eye Disease Associated With Meibomian Gland Dysfunction: The Randomized Phase 3 MOJAVE Study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2023 Mar 21. 252:265-274. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

64. Tauber J, Berdy GJ, Wirta DL, Krösser S, Vittitow JL, GOBI Study Group. NOV03 for Dry Eye Disease Associated with Meibomian Gland Dysfunction: Results of the Randomized Phase 3 GOBI Study. Ophthalmology. 2023 May. 130 (5):516-524. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

Trent Tsun-Kang Chiang, MD, MS Resident Physician, Department of Ophthalmology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals

Trent Tsun-Kang Chiang, MD, MS is a member of the following medical societies: American Medical Association, American Medical Student Association/Foundation, Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Ahmed Farghaly Abdelhameed Omar, MD, PhD Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine; Ophthalmologist/Cornea Specialist, University Hospitals Eye Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center

Ahmed Farghaly Abdelhameed Omar, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, Egyptian Medical Syndicate, Egyptian Ophthalmological Society, European Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, International Society of Refractive Surgery

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Andrew A Dahl, MD, FACS Assistant Professor of Surgery (Ophthalmology), New York College of Medicine (NYCOM); Director of Residency Ophthalmology Training, The Institute for Family Health and Mid-Hudson Family Practice Residency Program; Staff Ophthalmologist, Telluride Medical Center

Andrew A Dahl, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American College of Surgeons, American Intraocular Lens Society, American Medical Association, American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists, Medical Society of the State of New York, New York State Ophthalmological Society, Outpatient Ophthalmic Surgery Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

C Stephen Foster, MD, FACS, FACR, FAAO, FARVO Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School; Consulting Staff, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary; Founder and President, Ocular Immunology and Uveitis Foundation, Massachusetts Eye Research and Surgery Institution

C Stephen Foster, MD, FACS, FACR, FAAO, FARVO is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Association of Immunologists, American College of Rheumatology, American College of Surgeons, American Federation for Clinical Research, American Medical Association, American Society for Microbiology, American Uveitis Society, Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Medical Society, Royal Society of Medicine, Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor Society

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant or trustee for: Aldeyra Therapeutics (Lexington, MA); Bausch & Lomb Surgical, Inc (Rancho Cucamonga, CA); Eyegate Pharma (Waltham, MA); Novartis (Cambridge, MA); pSivida (Watertown, MA); Xoma (Berkeley, CA); Allakos (Redwood City, CA)<br/>Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: Alcon (Geneva, Switzerland); Allergan (Dublin, Ireland); Mallinckrodt (Staines-upon-Thames, United Kingdom)<br/>Received research grant from: Alcon; Aldeyra Therapeutics; Allakos Pharmaceuticals; Allergan; Bausch & Lomb; Clearside Biomedical; Dompé pharmaceutical; Eyegate Pharma; Mallinckrodt pharmaceuticals; Novartis; pSivida; Santen; Aciont<br/>Stock for: Eyegate Pharma.

Anthony S Ekong, MD Consulting Staff, Department of Ophthalmology, Marshfield Clinic

Anthony S Ekong, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Fahd Anzaar, MD Fellow, Massachusetts Eye Research and Surgery Institute; Clinical Research and Education Coordinator, Ocular Immunology and Uveitis Foundation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Erdem Yuksel, MD Fellow, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye Research and Surgery Institute, Medical School of Gazi University

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Marc R Bloomenstein, OD, FAAO Director of Optometric Services, Schwartz Laser Eye Center; Adjunct Assistant Professor, Arizona College of Optometry; Adjunct Assistant Professor, Southern California College of Optometry

Marc R Bloomenstein, OD, FAAO is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Optometry, American Optometric Association, Arizona Optometric Association, and International Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgeons

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Jacqueline Freudenthal, MD Co-Investigator, Ophthalmic Consultants Centre, Toronto

Jacqueline Freudenthal, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, and Canadian Ophthalmological Society

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Simon K Law, MD, PharmD Associate Professor of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine

Simon K Law, MD, PharmD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Glaucoma Society, and Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology

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Fernando H Murillo-Lopez, MD Senior Surgeon, Unidad Privada de Oftalmologia CEMES

Fernando H Murillo-Lopez, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Christopher J Rapuano, MD Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University; Director of the Cornea Service, Co-Director of Refractive Surgery Department, Wills Eye Institute

Christopher J Rapuano, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists, Cornea Society, Eye Bank Association of America, International Society of Refractive Surgery, and Pan-American Association of Ophthalmology

Disclosure: Allergan Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Allergan Consulting fee Consulting; Alcon Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Inspire Honoraria Speaking and teaching; RPS Ownership interest Other; Vistakon Honoraria Speaking and teaching; EyeGate Pharma Consulting; Inspire Consulting fee Consulting; Bausch & Lomb Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Bausch & Lomb Consulting fee Consulting

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

Mark Ventocilla, OD, FAAO Clinical Professor, Michigan College of Optometry; Editor, American Optometric Association Ocular Surface Society Newsletter; Chief Executive Officer, Elder Eye Care Group, PLC; President, Lakeshore Professional Eyecare, PC

Mark Ventocilla, OD, FAAO is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Optometry and American Optometric Association

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Jack L Wilson, PhD Distinguished Professor, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Medicine

Jack L Wilson, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Anatomists, American Association of Clinical Anatomists, and American Heart Association

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