Overview
What is the pathophysiology of hypoparathyroidism?
What is the prevalence of hypoparathyroidism?
Which age groups have the highest prevalence of hypoparathyroidism?
What are the sexual predilections of hypoparathyroidism?
Presentation
Which clinical history findings are characteristic of hypoparathyroidism?
Which physical findings are characteristic of hypoparathyroidism?
What are the iatrogenic causes of hypoparathyroidism?
What are the autoimmune causes of hypoparathyroidism?
What are the congenital causes of hypoparathyroidism?
What other genetic defects can cause hypoparathyroidism?
What are the metal overload causes of hypoparathyroidism?
What causes parathyroid gland destruction in hypoparathyroidism?
What are neonatal causes of hypoparathyroidism?
DDX
What are the differential diagnoses for Hypoparathyroidism?
Workup
What is the role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) measurement in the diagnosis of hypoparathyroidism?
What is the role of calcium measurement in the diagnosis of hypoparathyroidism?
What is the role of 25-hydroxy vitamin D measurement in the diagnosis of hypoparathyroidism?
What is the role of serum magnesium measurement in the diagnosis of hypoparathyroidism?
What is the role of serum phosphorus measurement in the diagnosis of hypoparathyroidism?
Treatment
How is hypoparathyroidism treated?
What are the ESE guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of chronic hypoparathyroidism?
What is the role of surgery in the treatment of hypoparathyroidism?
Which specialist consultations are beneficial to patients with hypoparathyroidism?
Which dietary modifications are used in the treatment of hypoparathyroidism?
Which activity modifications are used in the treatment of hypoparathyroidism?
Guidelines
What are the ESE guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of chronic hypoparathyroidism?
Medications
Which medications are used in the treatment of hypoparathyroidism?
Which medications in the drug class Calcium salts are used in the treatment of Hypoparathyroidism?
Follow-up
What is included in the long-term monitoring of hypoparathyroidism?
What are the possible complications of hypoparathyroidism?
What is included in patient education about hypoparathyroidism?