Hypopituitarism (Panhypopituitarism) Questions & Answers

1. Kim SY. Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypopituitarism. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2015 Dec. 30(4):443-55. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

2. Gounden V, Anastasopoulou C, Jialal I. Hypopituitarism. StatPearls. 2022 Jan. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

3. Nakamoto J. Laboratory diagnosis of multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies: issues with testing of the growth and thyroid axes. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2009 Jan. 6 Suppl 2:291-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Alexandraki KI, Grossman A. Management of Hypopituitarism. J Clin Med. 2019 Dec 5. 8 (12):[QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

5. Schneider HJ, Schneider M, Saller B, et al. Prevalence of anterior pituitary insufficiency 3 and 12 months after traumatic brain injury. Eur J Endocrinol. 2006 Feb. 154(2):259-65. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Kokshoorn NE, Smit JW, Nieuwlaat WA, et al. Low prevalence of hypopituitarism after traumatic brain injury: a multicenter study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2011 Aug. 165(2):225-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Giuliano S, Talarico S, Bruno L, Nicoletti FB, Ceccotti C, Belfiore A. Growth hormone deficiency and hypopituitarism in adults after complicated mild traumatic brain injury. Endocrine. 2016 Nov 23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Appelman-Dijkstra NM, Kokshoorn NE, Dekkers OM, et al. Pituitary dysfunction in adult patients after cranial radiotherapy: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Aug. 96(8):2330-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

9. Fernandez A, Brada M, Zabuliene L, Karavitaki N, Wass JA. Radiation-induced hypopituitarism. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2009 Sep. 16(3):733-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Parkin K, Kapoor R, Bhat R, Greenough A. Genetic causes of hypopituitarism. Arch Med Sci. 2020. 16 (1):27-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

11. Fatemi N, Dusick JR, Mattozo C, et al. Pituitary hormonal loss and recovery after transsphenoidal adenoma removal. Neurosurgery. 2008 Oct. 63(4):709-18; discussion 718-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Regal M, Paramo C, Sierra SM, Garcia-Mayor RV. Prevalence and incidence of hypopituitarism in an adult Caucasian population in northwestern Spain. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2001 Dec. 55(6):735-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Gray S, Bilski T, Dieudonne B, Saeed S. Hypopituitarism After Traumatic Brain Injury. Cureus. 2019 Mar 1. 11 (3):e4163. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

14. Schneider HJ, Kreitschmann-Andermahr I, Ghigo E, Stalla GK, Agha A. Hypothalamopituitary dysfunction following traumatic brain injury and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review. JAMA. 2007 Sep 26. 298 (12):1429-38. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

15. Can A, Gross BA, Smith TR, et al. Pituitary Dysfunction After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Neurosurgery. 2016 Aug. 79 (2):253-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Clayton RN. Mortality, cardiovascular events and risk factors in hypopituitarism. Growth Horm IGF Res. 1998 Feb. 8 Suppl A:69-76. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. O'Reilly MW, Reulen RC, Gupta S, et al. ACTH and gonadotropin deficiency predict mortality in patients treated for nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma (NFPA): long-term follow-up of 519 patients in two large European centres. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2016 Jun 21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Bulow B, Hagmar L, Eskilsson J, Erfurth EM. Hypopituitary females have a high incidence of cardiovascular morbidity and an increased prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Feb. 85(2):574-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Giagulli VA, Castellana M, Perrone R, Guastamacchia E, Iacoviello M, Triggiani V. GH Supplementation Effects on Cardiovascular Risk in GH Deficient Adult Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2017 Nov 16. 17 (4):285-96. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Abe SY, Dos Santos KS, Barbosa BFB, et al. Metabolic syndrome and its components in adult hypopituitary patients. Pituitary. 2020 May 16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Frara S, Loli P, Allora A, et al. COVID-19 and hypopituitarism. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2022 Apr. 23 (2):215-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

22. Albarel F, Castinetti F, Brue T. MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Immune check point inhibitors-induced hypophysitis. Eur J Endocrinol. 2019 Sep 1. 181 (3):R107-18. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

23. Li G, Shao P, Sun X, Wang Q, Zhang L. Magnetic resonance imaging and pituitary function in children with panhypopituitarism. Horm Res Paediatr. 2010. 73(3):205-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Child CJ, Zimmermann AG, Woodmansee WW, et al. Assessment of primary cancers in GH-treated adult hypopituitary patients: an analysis from the Hypopituitary Control and Complications Study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2011 Aug. 165(2):217-223. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

25. Greenman Y, Cooper O, Yaish I, et al. Treatment of clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas with dopamine agonists. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016 Jul. 175 (1):63-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

26. Graffeo CS, Link MJ, Brown PD, Young WF Jr., Pollock BE. Hypopituitarism After Single-Fraction Pituitary Adenoma Radiosurgery: Dosimetric Analysis Based on Patients Treated Using Contemporary Techniques. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2018 Mar 8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Lee MH, Lee JH, Seol HJ, et al. Clinical Concerns about Recurrence of Non-Functioning Pituitary Adenoma. Brain Tumor Res Treat. 2016 Apr. 4(1):1-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

28. Li A, Liu W, Cao P, Zheng Y, Bu Z, Zhou T. Endoscopic versus microscopic transsphenoidal surgery in the treatment of pituitary adenoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World Neurosurg. 2017 Jan 16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Lopes MBS. The 2017 World Health Organization classification of tumors of the pituitary gland: a summary. Acta Neuropathol. 2017 Oct. 134 (4):521-35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Harsch IA, Schuller A, Hahn EG, Hensen J. Cortisone replacement therapy in endocrine disorders - quality of self-care. J Eval Clin Pract. 2010 Jun. 16(3):492-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Higham CE, Johannsson G, Shalet SM. Hypopituitarism. Lancet. 2016 Nov 12. 388 (10058):2403-15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Fleseriu M, Hashim IA, Karavitaki N, et al. Hormonal Replacement in Hypopituitarism in Adults: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Nov. 101 (11):3888-921. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

33. Kim SY. Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypopituitarism. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2015 Dec. 30 (4):443-55. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

34. Welsh J. Managing hypopituitarism in emergency departments. Emerg Nurse. 2015 Oct 9. 23 (6):32-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Silva PP, Bhatnagar S, Herman SD, Zafonte R, Klibanski A, Miller KK, et al. Predictors of Hypopituitarism in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma. 2015 Sep 29. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Klose M, Feldt-Rasmussen U. Hypopituitarism in Traumatic Brain Injury-A Critical Note. J Clin Med. 2015 Jul 14. 4 (7):1480-97. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Crespo I, Santos A, Webb SM. Quality of life in patients with hypopituitarism. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2015 Aug. 22 (4):306-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Hypopituitarism. Familydoctor.org. Available at https://familydoctor.org/condition/hypopituitarism/. Updated August 2022; Accessed: November 8, 2022.

Ricardo R Correa Marquez, MD, EsD, FACP, FACE, FAPCR, CMQ, ABDA, FACHT Associate Professor of Medicine, Program Director, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Fellowship Program, Director for Diversity in Graduate Medical Education, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix; Assistant Professor of Medicine, Mayo College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona; Staff Endocrinologist, Phoenix Veterans Hospital (VAMC)

Ricardo R Correa Marquez, MD, EsD, FACP, FACE, FAPCR, CMQ, ABDA, FACHT is a member of the following medical societies: Academy of Physicians in Clinical Research, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Endocrinology, American College of Healthcare Trustees, American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, American Thyroid Association, Association of Program Directors in Endocrinology, Endocrine Society, National Hispanic Medical Association, World Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Hussam Al Hennawi, MD Resident Physician, Department of Internal Medicine, Jefferson Abington Hospital

Hussam Al Hennawi, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Physiological Society, American Public Health Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Romesh Khardori, MD, PhD, FACP (Retired) Professor, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School

Romesh Khardori, MD, PhD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Physicians, American Diabetes Association, Endocrine Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

James R Mulinda, MD, FACP Consulting Staff, Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Associates, Inc

James R Mulinda, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Bernard Corenblum, MD, FRCPC Professor of Medicine, Director, Endocrine-Metabolic Testing and Treatment Unit, Ovulation Induction Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Canada

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

David S Schade, MD Chief, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine and Health Sciences Center

David S Schade, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Diabetes Association, American Federation for Medical Research, Endocrine Society, New Mexico Medical Society, New York Academy of Sciences, and Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Don S Schalch, MD Professor Emeritus, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics

Don S Schalch, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Diabetes Association, American Federation for Medical Research, Central Society for Clinical Research, and Endocrine Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article