Laboratory Studies

Laboratory tests, in general, are not helpful in the diagnosis of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR), although a recent case report identified an elevated level of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 in the serum of patients with CSCR.

Imaging Studies

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) reveals many aspects of the pathophysiology of CSCR, ranging from subretinal fluid, pigment epithelial detachments, and retinal atrophy following chronic disease. OCT is especially helpful in identifying subtle, even subclinical, neurosensory macular detachments. Spaide correlated lipofuscinoid deposition of material in CSCR that might mimic vitelliform lesions in pattern dystrophies.^[47]OCT showed accumulation of this material on the outer surface of the retina in neurosensory detachments.

A 45-year-old man presented with micropsia and blurry vision OS. His visual acuity was 20/15 OD and 20/30 OS. The OCT shows subretinal fluid localized under the foveal center. Six weeks later, the subretinal fluid had resolved and his vision had recovered to 20/15 OU.

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FA of classic CSCR shows one or more focal leaks at the level of the RPE. The classic "smokestack" appearance of the fluorescein leak is seen only in 10-15% of cases. FA of diffuse retinal pigment epitheliopathy demonstrates focal granular hyperfluorescence corresponding to window defects and blockage caused by RPE atrophy and clumping with one or more areas of subtle continued leakage.^[28]

Fluorescein angiography in the early recirculation phase of a patient with a localized neurosensory detachment in the macula from central serous chorioretinopathy. Note the focal hyperfluorescence.

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Fluorescein angiography in the late recirculation phase of the same patient as in the image above. Note the distribution of leakage of fluorescein dye within the neurosensory detachment.

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ICG angiography has shown hypofluorescent areas early in the angiogram followed by late hyperfluorescence and leakage in choroidal vasculature. Often, multiple areas of leakage are seen on ICG angiography that are not evident clinically or on FA. According to some researchers, characteristic mid phase findings on ICG angiography allow differentiation from occult choroidal neovascularization in older individuals. Multiple patches of hyperfluorescence presumably are due to choroidal hyperpermeability, which, in later phases, results in silhouetting or negative staining of larger choroidal vessels.

Newer technology to evaluate the retina is available. Ooto et al showed that adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy is useful in evaluating cone abnormalities associated with visual acuity loss in eyes with CSCR.^[48]

Other Tests

Multifocal electroretinography has been used to identify focal regions of decreased retinal function, even in asymptomatic or clinically inactive eyes. Chappelow and Marmor first described the persistently reduced focal electrical responses on multifocal electroretinography in eyes with resolved CSCR.^[49]Furthermore, investigators, including Lai et al, are using multifocal electroretinography as a means of assessing the efficacy and safety of new treatment modalities for CSCR.^[50]

Microperimetry (using the Nidek MP-1 microperimeter) has also shown that, despite clinical resolution of CSCR, there is lower retinal sensitivity in the macula even once visual acuity returned to 20/20. Ojima et al showed that areas of reduced sensitivity were typically focal and localized to clinically apparent regions of irregular RPE. Fixation studies showed stability of central fixation.^{[51, 52]}

Treatment & Management

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Media Gallery

Fluorescein angiography in the early recirculation phase of a patient with a localized neurosensory detachment in the macula from central serous chorioretinopathy. Note the focal hyperfluorescence.
Fluorescein angiography in the late recirculation phase of the same patient as in the image above. Note the distribution of leakage of fluorescein dye within the neurosensory detachment.
A 45-year-old man presented with micropsia and blurry vision OS. His visual acuity was 20/15 OD and 20/30 OS. The OCT shows subretinal fluid localized under the foveal center. Six weeks later, the subretinal fluid had resolved and his vision had recovered to 20/15 OU.

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Author

Kean Theng Oh, MD Consulting Staff, Associated Retinal Consultants, PC

Kean Theng Oh, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Society of Retina Specialists, Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Michigan Society of Eye Physicians & Surgeons

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

Simon K Law, MD, PharmD Clinical Professor of Health Sciences, Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine

Simon K Law, MD, PharmD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, American Glaucoma Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Steve Charles, MD Founder and CEO of Charles Retina Institute; Clinical Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee College of Medicine

Disclosure: Received royalty and consulting fees for: Alcon Laboratories.

Chief Editor

Andrew A Dahl, MD, FACS Assistant Professor of Surgery (Ophthalmology), New York College of Medicine (NYCOM); Director of Residency Ophthalmology Training, The Institute for Family Health and Mid-Hudson Family Practice Residency Program; Staff Ophthalmologist, Telluride Medical Center

Andrew A Dahl, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American College of Surgeons, American Intraocular Lens Society, American Medical Association, American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists, Medical Society of the State of New York, New York State Ophthalmological Society, Outpatient Ophthalmic Surgery Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Additional Contributors

Brian A Phillpotts, MD Ophthalmologist, St Luke's Cataract and Laser Institute

Brian A Phillpotts, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Diabetes Association, American Society of Retina Specialists, Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Association of University Professors of Ophthalmology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

The authors and editors of Medscape Reference gratefully acknowledge the contributions of previous author, James C Folk, MD, to the development and writing of this article.

Sections Central Serous Chorioretinopathy
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