Scleritis Questions & Answers

1. González-López JJ, Lavric A, Dutta Majumder P, Bansal N, Biswas J, Pavesio C, et al. Bilateral Posterior Scleritis: Analysis of 18 Cases from a Large Cohort of Posterior Scleritis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2015 Oct 16. 1-8. [Medline].

2. Sims J. Scleritis: presentations, disease associations and management. Postgrad Med J. 2012 Sep 12. [Medline].

3. Sainz de la Maza M, Foster CS, Jabbur NS. Scleritis associated with rheumatoid arthritis and with other systemic immune-mediated diseases. Ophthalmology. 1994 Jul. 101(7):1281-6; discussion 1287-8. [Medline].

4. Sainz de la Maza M, Foster CS, Jabbur NS. Scleritis associated with systemic vasculitic diseases. Ophthalmology. 1995 Apr. 102(4):687-92. [Medline].

5. French DD, Margo CE. Postmarketing surveillance rates of uveitis and scleritis with bisphosphonates among a national veteran cohort. Retina. 2008 Jun. 28(6):889-93. [Medline].

6. Agrawal R, Lavric A, Restori M, Pavesio C, Sagoo MS. NODULAR POSTERIOR SCLERITIS: Clinico-Sonographic Characteristics and Proposed Diagnostic Criteria. Retina. 2015 Aug 19. [Medline].

7. Axmann S, Ebneter A, Zinkernagel MS. Imaging of the Sclera in Patients with Scleritis and Episcleritis using Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2015 Aug 10. 1-6. [Medline].

8. [Guideline] Zimmerman RD, Seidenwurm DJ, Davis PC, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria. Orbits, vision, and visual loss. National Guideline Clearinghouse. 2006.

9. Nieuwenhuizen J, Watson PG, Emmanouilidis-van der Spek K, Keunen JE, Jager MJ. The value of combining anterior segment fluorescein angiography with indocyanine green angiography in scleral inflammation. Ophthalmology. 2003 Aug. 110(8):1653-66. [Medline].

10. Sainz de la Maza M, Molina N, Gonzalez-Gonzalez LA, Doctor PP, Tauber J, Foster CS. Clinical characteristics of a large cohort of patients with scleritis and episcleritis. Ophthalmology. 2012 Jan. 119(1):43-50. [Medline].

11. Hakin KN, Ham J, Lightman SL. Use of orbital floor steroids in the management of patients with uniocular non-necrotising scleritis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1991 Jun. 75(6):337-9. [Medline].

12. Galor A, Jabs DA, Leder HA, Kedhar SR, Dunn JP, Peters GB 3rd. Comparison of antimetabolite drugs as corticosteroid-sparing therapy for noninfectious ocular inflammation. Ophthalmology. 2008 Oct. 115(10):1826-32. [Medline].

13. Sobrin L, Christen W, Foster CS. Mycophenolate mofetil after methotrexate failure or intolerance in the treatment of scleritis and uveitis. Ophthalmology. 2008 Aug. 115(8):1416-21, 1421.e1. [Medline].

14. Wakefield D, McCluskey P. Cyclosporin therapy for severe scleritis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1989 Sep. 73(9):743-6. [Medline].

15. Doctor P, Sultan A, Syed S, Christen W, Bhat P, Foster CS. Infliximab for the treatment of refractory scleritis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2010 May. 94(5):579-83. [Medline]. [Full Text].

16. Huynh N, Cervantes-Castaneda RA, Bhat P, Gallagher MJ, Foster CS. Biologic response modifier therapy for psoriatic ocular inflammatory disease. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2008 May-Jun. 16(3):89-93. [Medline].

17. Murphy CC, Ayliffe WH, Booth A, Makanjuola D, Andrews PA, Jayne D. Tumor necrosis factor alpha blockade with infliximab for refractory uveitis and scleritis. Ophthalmology. 2004 Feb. 111(2):352-6. [Medline].

18. Ahmadi-Simab K, Lamprecht P, Nolle B, Ai M, Gross WL. Successful treatment of refractory anterior scleritis in primary Sjogren's syndrome with rituximab. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005 Jul. 64(7):1087-8. [Medline].

19. Cheung CM, Murray PI, Savage CO. Successful treatment of Wegener's granulomatosis associated scleritis with rituximab. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005 Nov. 89(11):1542. [Medline].

20. Taylor SR, Salama AD, Joshi L, Pusey CD, Lightman SL. Rituximab is effective in the treatment of refractory ophthalmic Wegener's granulomatosis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009 May. 60(5):1540-7. [Medline].

21. Recillas-Gispert C, Serna-Ojeda JC, Flores-Suárez LF. Rituximab in the treatment of refractory scleritis in patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's). Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2015 Oct 27. [Medline].

22. Tuft SJ, Watson PG. Progression of scleral disease. Ophthalmology. 1991 Apr. 98(4):467-71. [Medline].

23. Sainz de la Maza M, Jabbur NS, Foster CS. Severity of scleritis and episcleritis. Ophthalmology. 1994 Feb. 101(2):389-96. [Medline].

24. Sobrin L, Kim EC, Christen W, Papadaki T, Letko E, Foster CS. Infliximab therapy for the treatment of refractory ocular inflammatory disease. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007 Jul. 125(7):895-900. [Medline].

25. Fong LP, Sainz de la Maza M, Rice BA, Kupferman AE, Foster CS. Immunopathology of scleritis. Ophthalmology. 1991 Apr. 98(4):472-9. [Medline].

26. Heinz C, Bograd N, Koch J, Heiligenhaus A. Ocular hypertension and glaucoma incidence in patients with scleritis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2012 Jul 22. [Medline].

27. Onal S, Kazokoglu H, Koc A, Yavuz S. Rituximab for remission induction in a patient with relapsing necrotizing scleritis associated with limited Wegener´s granulomatosis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. Sep-Oct 2008. 16(5):230-232.

28. Sainz de la Maza M, Jabbur NS, Foster CS. An analysis of therapeutic decision for scleritis. Ophthalmology. 1993 Sep. 100(9):1372-6. [Medline].

29. Sainz de la Maza M, Tauber J, Foster CS. Scleral grafting for necrotizing scleritis. Ophthalmology. 1989 Mar. 96(3):306-10. [Medline].

30. Watson PG, Hayreh SS. Scleritis and episcleritis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1976 Mar. 60(3):163-91. [Medline].

31. de Fidelix TS, Vieira LA, de Freitas D, Trevisani VF. Biologic therapy for refractory scleritis: a new treatment perspective. Int Ophthalmol. 2015 Aug 29. [Medline].

Manolette R Roque, MD, MBA, FPAO Department Chairman and Chief of Section on Ocular Immunology and Uveitis, Department of Ophthalmology, Asian Hospital and Medical Center; Section Chief, Ocular Immunology and Uveitis, International Eye Institute, St Luke's Medical Center Global City

Manolette R Roque, MD, MBA, FPAO is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Uveitis Society, European Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, International Ocular Inflammation Society, Philippine Academy of Ophthalmology, Philippine College of Surgeons, Philippine Medical Association, Philippine Ocular Inflammation Society, Philippine Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, University of the Philippines Medical Alumni Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

R Christopher Walton, MD Adjunct Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio

R Christopher Walton, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Uveitis Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Andrew A Dahl, MD, FACS Assistant Professor of Surgery (Ophthalmology), New York College of Medicine (NYCOM); Director of Residency Ophthalmology Training, The Institute for Family Health and Mid-Hudson Family Practice Residency Program; Staff Ophthalmologist, Telluride Medical Center

Andrew A Dahl, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American College of Surgeons, American Intraocular Lens Society, American Medical Association, American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists, Medical Society of the State of New York, New York State Ophthalmological Society, Outpatient Ophthalmic Surgery Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Maite Sainz de La Maza, MD, PhD Associate Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, Division of Ocular Immunology and Uveitis, Hospital Clinico of Provincial, Barcelona, Spain

Maite Sainz de La Maza, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Uveitis Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

John D Sheppard, Jr, MD, MMSc Professor of Ophthalmology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Clinical Director, Thomas R Lee Center for Ocular Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Residency Research Program Director, Eastern Virginia Medical School; President, Virginia Eye Consultants

John D Sheppard, Jr, MD, MMSc is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Society for Microbiology, American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, American Uveitis Society, Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology

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