Scleritis Questions & Answers

1. Das UN. Molecular pathobiology of scleritis and its therapeutic implications. Int J Ophthalmol. 2020. 13 (1):163-175. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Tuft SJ, Watson PG. Progression of scleral disease. Ophthalmology. 1991 Apr. 98(4):467-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Sainz de la Maza M, Jabbur NS, Foster CS. Severity of scleritis and episcleritis. Ophthalmology. 1994 Feb. 101(2):389-96. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. González-López JJ, Lavric A, Dutta Majumder P, Bansal N, Biswas J, Pavesio C, et al. Bilateral Posterior Scleritis: Analysis of 18 Cases from a Large Cohort of Posterior Scleritis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2015 Oct 16. 1-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Sims J. Scleritis: presentations, disease associations and management. Postgrad Med J. 2012 Sep 12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Sainz de la Maza M, Foster CS, Jabbur NS. Scleritis associated with rheumatoid arthritis and with other systemic immune-mediated diseases. Ophthalmology. 1994 Jul. 101(7):1281-6; discussion 1287-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Sainz de la Maza M, Foster CS, Jabbur NS. Scleritis associated with systemic vasculitic diseases. Ophthalmology. 1995 Apr. 102(4):687-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. French DD, Margo CE. Postmarketing surveillance rates of uveitis and scleritis with bisphosphonates among a national veteran cohort. Retina. 2008 Jun. 28(6):889-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Agrawal R, Lavric A, Restori M, Pavesio C, Sagoo MS. NODULAR POSTERIOR SCLERITIS: Clinico-Sonographic Characteristics and Proposed Diagnostic Criteria. Retina. 2015 Aug 19. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Axmann S, Ebneter A, Zinkernagel MS. Imaging of the Sclera in Patients with Scleritis and Episcleritis using Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2015 Aug 10. 1-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. [Guideline] Zimmerman RD, Seidenwurm DJ, Davis PC, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria. Orbits, vision, and visual loss. National Guideline Clearinghouse. 2006.

12. Nieuwenhuizen J, Watson PG, Emmanouilidis-van der Spek K, Keunen JE, Jager MJ. The value of combining anterior segment fluorescein angiography with indocyanine green angiography in scleral inflammation. Ophthalmology. 2003 Aug. 110(8):1653-66. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Sainz de la Maza M, Molina N, Gonzalez-Gonzalez LA, Doctor PP, Tauber J, Foster CS. Clinical characteristics of a large cohort of patients with scleritis and episcleritis. Ophthalmology. 2012 Jan. 119(1):43-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Murthy SI, Sabhapandit S, Balamurugan S, Subramaniam P, Sainz-de-la-Maza M, Agarwal M, et al. Scleritis: Differentiating infectious from non-infectious entities. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2020 Sep. 68 (9):1818-1828. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Promelle V, Goeb V, Gueudry J. Rheumatoid Arthritis Associated Episcleritis and Scleritis: An Update on Treatment Perspectives. J Clin Med. 2021 May 14. 10 (10):[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Ng CC, Sy A, Cunningham ET Jr. Rituximab for non-infectious Uveitis and Scleritis. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect. 2021 Aug 16. 11 (1):23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Vermeirsch S, Testi I, Pavesio C. Choroidal involvement in non-infectious posterior scleritis. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect. 2021 Oct 27. 11 (1):41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Abdel-Aty A, Gupta A, Del Priore L, Kombo N. Management of noninfectious scleritis. Ther Adv Ophthalmol. 2022 Jan-Dec. 14:25158414211070879. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Sobrin L, Kim EC, Christen W, Papadaki T, Letko E, Foster CS. Infliximab therapy for the treatment of refractory ocular inflammatory disease. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007 Jul. 125(7):895-900. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Sota J, Girolamo MM, Frediani B, Tosi GM, Cantarini L, Fabiani C. Biologic Therapies and Small Molecules for the Management of Non-Infectious Scleritis: A Narrative Review. Ophthalmol Ther. 2021 Dec. 10 (4):777-813. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Ahmadi-Simab K, Lamprecht P, Nolle B, Ai M, Gross WL. Successful treatment of refractory anterior scleritis in primary Sjogren's syndrome with rituximab. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005 Jul. 64(7):1087-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Cheung CM, Murray PI, Savage CO. Successful treatment of Wegener's granulomatosis associated scleritis with rituximab. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005 Nov. 89(11):1542. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Taylor SR, Salama AD, Joshi L, Pusey CD, Lightman SL. Rituximab is effective in the treatment of refractory ophthalmic Wegener's granulomatosis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009 May. 60(5):1540-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Onal S, Kazokoglu H, Koc A, Yavuz S. Rituximab for remission induction in a patient with relapsing necrotizing scleritis associated with limited Wegener´s granulomatosis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. Sep-Oct 2008. 16(5):230-232.

25. Hakin KN, Ham J, Lightman SL. Use of orbital floor steroids in the management of patients with uniocular non-necrotising scleritis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1991 Jun. 75(6):337-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Galor A, Jabs DA, Leder HA, Kedhar SR, Dunn JP, Peters GB 3rd. Comparison of antimetabolite drugs as corticosteroid-sparing therapy for noninfectious ocular inflammation. Ophthalmology. 2008 Oct. 115(10):1826-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Sobrin L, Christen W, Foster CS. Mycophenolate mofetil after methotrexate failure or intolerance in the treatment of scleritis and uveitis. Ophthalmology. 2008 Aug. 115(8):1416-21, 1421.e1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Wakefield D, McCluskey P. Cyclosporin therapy for severe scleritis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1989 Sep. 73(9):743-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Doctor P, Sultan A, Syed S, Christen W, Bhat P, Foster CS. Infliximab for the treatment of refractory scleritis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2010 May. 94(5):579-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

30. Huynh N, Cervantes-Castaneda RA, Bhat P, Gallagher MJ, Foster CS. Biologic response modifier therapy for psoriatic ocular inflammatory disease. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2008 May-Jun. 16(3):89-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Murphy CC, Ayliffe WH, Booth A, Makanjuola D, Andrews PA, Jayne D. Tumor necrosis factor alpha blockade with infliximab for refractory uveitis and scleritis. Ophthalmology. 2004 Feb. 111(2):352-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Recillas-Gispert C, Serna-Ojeda JC, Flores-Suárez LF. Rituximab in the treatment of refractory scleritis in patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's). Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2015 Oct 27. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Guerrero-Wooley RL, Peacock JE Jr. Infectious Scleritis: What the ID Clinician Should Know. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2018 Jun. 5 (6):ofy140. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Sainz de la Maza M, Tauber J, Foster CS. Scleral grafting for necrotizing scleritis. Ophthalmology. 1989 Mar. 96(3):306-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Fong LP, Sainz de la Maza M, Rice BA, Kupferman AE, Foster CS. Immunopathology of scleritis. Ophthalmology. 1991 Apr. 98(4):472-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Heinz C, Bograd N, Koch J, Heiligenhaus A. Ocular hypertension and glaucoma incidence in patients with scleritis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2012 Jul 22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Sainz de la Maza M, Jabbur NS, Foster CS. An analysis of therapeutic decision for scleritis. Ophthalmology. 1993 Sep. 100(9):1372-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Watson PG, Hayreh SS. Scleritis and episcleritis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1976 Mar. 60(3):163-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. de Fidelix TS, Vieira LA, de Freitas D, Trevisani VF. Biologic therapy for refractory scleritis: a new treatment perspective. Int Ophthalmol. 2015 Aug 29. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Vergouwen DPC, Rothova A, Berge JCT, Verdijk RM, van Laar JAM, Vingerling JR, et al. Current insights in the pathogenesis of scleritis. Exp Eye Res. 2020 Aug. 197:108078. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Manolette R Roque, MD, MBA, FPAO Section Chief, Cataract and Refractive Surgery, Department of Ophthalmology, Asian Hospital and Medical Center; Section Chief, Ocular Immunology and Uveitis, International Eye Institute, St Luke's Medical Center Global City

Manolette R Roque, MD, MBA, FPAO is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Uveitis Society, European Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, International Ocular Inflammation Society, Philippine Academy of Ophthalmology, Philippine College of Surgeons, Philippine Medical Association, Philippine Ocular Inflammation Society, Philippine Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, University of the Philippines Medical Alumni Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

R Christopher Walton, MD Adjunct Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio

R Christopher Walton, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Uveitis Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Andrew A Dahl, MD, FACS Assistant Professor of Surgery (Ophthalmology), New York College of Medicine (NYCOM); Director of Residency Ophthalmology Training, The Institute for Family Health and Mid-Hudson Family Practice Residency Program; Staff Ophthalmologist, Telluride Medical Center

Andrew A Dahl, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American College of Surgeons, American Intraocular Lens Society, American Medical Association, American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists, Medical Society of the State of New York, New York State Ophthalmological Society, Outpatient Ophthalmic Surgery Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Maite Sainz de La Maza, MD, PhD Associate Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, Division of Ocular Immunology and Uveitis, Hospital Clinico of Provincial, Barcelona, Spain

Maite Sainz de La Maza, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Uveitis Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

John D Sheppard, Jr, MD, MMSc Professor of Ophthalmology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Clinical Director, Thomas R Lee Center for Ocular Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Residency Research Program Director, Eastern Virginia Medical School; President, Virginia Eye Consultants

John D Sheppard, Jr, MD, MMSc is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Society for Microbiology, American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, American Uveitis Society, Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant or trustee for: 1-800-DOCTORS; AbbVie; Alcon; Aldeyra; Allergan; Alphaeon; ArcScan; Baush+Lomb; Bio-Tissue; Clearside; EyeGate; Hovione; Mededicus; NovaBay; Omeros; Pentavision; Portage; Santen; Science Based Health; Senju; Shire; Sun Pharma; TearLab;TearScience;Topivert<br/>Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: AbbVie; Alcon; Allergan; Bausch+Lomb; Bio-tissue; EyeGate;Hovione;LayerBio; NovaBay;Omeros;Portage; Santen; Shire; Stemnion; Sun Pharma;TearLab;TearScience; Topivert <br/>Received research grant from: Alcon; Aldeyra; allergan; Baush+ Lomb; EyeGate; Hovione; Kala; Ocular Therapeutix;Pfizer; RPS; Santen;Senju;Shire;Topcon; Xoma.

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