Hammertoe Deformity Questions & Answers

1. Sarrafian SK, Topouzian LK. Anatomy and physiology of the extensor apparatus of the toes. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1969 Jun. 51 (4):669-79. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Dalmau-Pastor M, Fargues B, Alcolea E, Martínez-Franco N, Ruiz-Escobar P, Vega J, et al. Extensor apparatus of the lesser toes: anatomy with clinical implications--topical review. Foot Ankle Int. 2014 Oct. 35 (10):957-69. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Myerson MS, Shereff MJ. The pathological anatomy of claw and hammer toes. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1989 Jan. 71 (1):45-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Badlissi F, Dunn JE, Link CL, Keysor JJ, McKinlay JB, Felson DT. Foot musculoskeletal disorders, pain, and foot-related functional limitation in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005 Jun. 53 (6):1029-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Mueller CM, Boden SA, Boden AL, Maidman SD, Cutler A, Mignemi D, et al. Complication Rates and Short-Term Outcomes After Operative Hammertoe Correction in Older Patients. Foot Ankle Int. 2018 Jun. 39 (6):681-688. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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7. O'Kane C, Kilmartin T. Review of proximal interphalangeal joint excisional arthroplasty for the correction of second hammer toe deformity in 100 cases. Foot Ankle Int. 2005 Apr. 26 (4):320-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Konkel KF, Menger AG, Retzlaff SA. Hammer toe correction using an absorbable intramedullary pin. Foot Ankle Int. 2007 Aug. 28 (8):916-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Jones S, Hussainy HA, Flowers MJ. Re: Arthrodesis of the toe joints with an intramedullary cannulated screw for correction of hammertoe deformity. Foot Ankle Int. 2005 Dec. 26 (12):1101; author reply 1101. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Konkel KF, Sover ER, Menger AG, Halberg JM. Hammer toe correction using an absorbable pin. Foot Ankle Int. 2011 Oct. 32 (10):973-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Singer NV, Saunders NE, Holmes JR, Walton DM, Finney FT, Jepsen KJ, et al. Presence of Neovascularization in Torn Plantar Plates of the Lesser Metatarsophalangeal Joints. Foot Ankle Int. 2021 Jul. 42 (7):944-951. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

12. Ellington JK. Hammertoes and clawtoes: proximal interphalangeal joint correction. Foot Ankle Clin. 2011 Dec. 16 (4):547-58. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Miller JM, Blacklidge DK, Ferdowsian V, Collman DR. Chevron arthrodesis of the interphalangeal joint for hammertoe correction. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2010 Mar-Apr. 49 (2):194-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Schrier JC, Keijsers NL, Matricali GA, Louwerens JW, Verheyen CC. Lesser Toe PIP Joint Resection Versus PIP Joint Fusion: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Foot Ankle Int. 2016 Jun. 37 (6):569-75. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Kramer WC, Parman M, Marks RM. Hammertoe correction with k-wire fixation. Foot Ankle Int. 2015 May. 36 (5):494-502. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Obrador C, Losa-Iglesias M, Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo R, Kabbash CA. Comparative Study of Intramedullary Hammertoe Fixation. Foot Ankle Int. 2018 Apr. 39 (4):415-425. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Doty JF, Fogleman JA. Treatment of Rigid Hammer-Toe Deformity: Permanent Versus Removable Implant Selection. Foot Ankle Clin. 2018 Mar. 23 (1):91-101. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Guelfi M, Pantalone A, Cambiaso Daniel J, Vanni D, Guelfi MG, Salini V. Arthrodesis of proximal inter-phalangeal joint for hammertoe: intramedullary device options. J Orthop Traumatol. 2015 Dec. 16 (4):269-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Hendrick SE, Kannegieter E. SmartToe, ToeGrip and buried k-wire versus percutaneous k-wire fixation for 2nd PIPJ arthrodesis: A comprehensive review of outcomes. Foot (Edinb). 2020 Dec. 45:101692. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Wei RX, Ling SK, Lui TH, Yung PS. Ideal implant choice for proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis in hammer toe/claw toe deformity correction: A systematic review. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong). 2020 Jan-Apr. 28 (1):2309499020911168. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Oh I, Englund K. Are Prophylactic Perioperative Antibiotics Required for Isolated Forefoot Procedures, Such as Hammertoes?. Foot Ankle Int. 2019 Jul. 40 (1_suppl):17S-18S. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Bouché RT, Heit EJ. Combined plantar plate and hammertoe repair with flexor digitorum longus tendon transfer for chronic, severe sagittal plane instability of the lesser metatarsophalangeal joints: preliminary observations. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2008 Mar-Apr. 47 (2):125-37. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Frey S, Hélix-Giordanino M, Piclet-Legré B. Percutaneous correction of second toe proximal deformity: Proximal interphalangeal release, flexor digitorum brevis tenotomy and proximal phalanx osteotomy. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2015 Oct. 101 (6):753-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Yassin M, Garti A, Heller E, Robinson D. Hammertoe Correction With K-Wire Fixation Compared With Percutaneous Correction. Foot Ankle Spec. 2017 Oct. 10 (5):421-427. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Trnka HJ, Gebhard C, Mühlbauer M, Ivanic G, Ritschl P. The Weil osteotomy for treatment of dislocated lesser metatarsophalangeal joints: good outcome in 21 patients with 42 osteotomies. Acta Orthop Scand. 2002 Apr. 73 (2):190-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Smith SC, Bazzoli C, Chung I, Johnson A, Martin DR. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli in uncomplicated cystitis in the emergency department: is the hospital antibiogram an effective treatment guide?. Acad Emerg Med. 2015 Aug. 22 (8):998-1000. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Joshi S. Hospital antibiogram: a necessity. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2010 Oct-Dec. 28 (4):277-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Migues A, Slullitel G, Bilbao F, Carrasco M, Solari G. Floating-toe deformity as a complication of the Weil osteotomy. Foot Ankle Int. 2004 Sep. 25 (9):609-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Nery C, Coughlin MJ, Baumfeld D, Mann TS. Lesser metatarsophalangeal joint instability: prospective evaluation and repair of plantar plate and capsular insufficiency. Foot Ankle Int. 2012 Apr. 33 (4):301-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Anthony Watson, MD Orthopedic Surgeon, Private Practice

Anthony Watson, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Pennsylvania Orthopaedic Society, American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society, Pennsylvania Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Vinod K Panchbhavi, MD, FACS, FAOA, FABOS, FAAOS Professor, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chief, Division of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Director, Foot and Ankle Fellowship Program, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch School of Medicine

Vinod K Panchbhavi, MD, FACS, FAOA, FABOS, FAAOS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American College of Surgeons, American Orthopaedic Association, American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society, Orthopaedic Trauma Association, Texas Orthopaedic Association

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: Styker.

Heidi M Stephens, MD, MBA Associate Professor, Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine; Courtesy Joint Associate Professor, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of South Florida College of Public Health

Heidi M Stephens, MD, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American Medical Association, American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society, Florida Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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