Prolactinoma Questions & Answers

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6. Zadrozna-Sliwka B, Bolanowski M, Jawiarczyk A, et al. The role of cyclase activating (CAP) and cyclase inhibiting (CIP) parathormone fractions in the assessment of bone metabolism disturbances in women with hyperprolactinemia of various origin. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2008 Feb. 29(1):178-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Carter JN, Tyson JE, Tolis G, et al. Prolactin-screening tumors and hypogonadism in 22 men. N Engl J Med. 1978 Oct 19. 299(16):847-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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9. Zhang F, Chen J, Lu Y, et al. Manifestation, management and outcome of subclinical pituitary adenoma apoplexy. J Clin Neurosci. 2009 Oct. 16(10):1273-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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11. Rivera JL, Lal S, Ettigi P, et al. Effect of acute and chronic neuroleptic therapy on serum prolactin levels in men and women of different age groups. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1976 May. 5(3):273-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Melmed S, Casanueva FF, Hoffman AR, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Feb. 96(2):273-88. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Chahal HS, Stals K, Unterländer M, Balding DJ, Thomas MG, Kumar AV, et al. AIP mutation in pituitary adenomas in the 18th century and today. N Engl J Med. 2011 Jan 6. 364(1):43-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Schlechte J, Dolan K, Sherman B, et al. The natural history of untreated hyperprolactinemia: a prospective analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1989 Feb. 68(2):412-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Molitch ME. Prolactinoma. Melmed S, ed. The Pituitary. Boston, Mass: Blackwell Scientific; 1995. 443-7.

16. Mancini T, Casanueva FF, Giustina A. Hyperprolactinemia and prolactinomas. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2008 Mar. 37(1):67-99, viii. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Peng J, Qiu M, Qi S, Li D, Peng Y. Hypopituitarism patterns among adult males with prolactinomas. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2016 May. 144:112-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Fernandez A, Karavitaki N, Wass JA. Prevalence of pituitary adenomas: a community-based, cross-sectional study in Banbury (Oxfordshire, UK). Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2009 Jul 24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Vaneckova M, Seidl Z, Hana V, et al. Macroprolactinomas: retrospective follow up study in the MR imaging and correlation with clinical symptomatology. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2007 Dec. 28(6):841-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Sala E, Bellaviti Buttoni P, Malchiodi E, et al. Recurrence of hyperprolactinemia following dopamine agonist withdrawal and possible predictive factors of recurrence in prolactinomas. J Endocrinol Invest. 2016 May 31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Teixeira M, Souteiro P, Carvalho D. Prolactinoma management: predictors of remission and recurrence after dopamine agonists withdrawal. Pituitary. 2017 Aug. 20 (4):464-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Toulis KA, Robbins T, Reddy N, et al. Males with prolactinoma are at increased risk of incident cardiovascular disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2018 Jan. 88 (1):71-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Hoffer ZS, Roth RL, Mathews M. Evidence for the partial dopamine-receptor agonist aripiprazole as a first-line treatment of psychosis in patients with iatrogenic or tumorogenic hyperprolactinemia. Psychosomatics. 2009 Jul-Aug. 50(4):317-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Honbo KS, van Herle AJ, Kellett KA. Serum prolactin levels in untreated primary hypothyroidism. Am J Med. 1978 May. 64(5):782-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Frantz AG. Endocrine diagnosis of prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors. Black PM, Zervas NT, Ridgway EC, et al, eds. Secretory Tumors of the Pituitary Gland. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1984. 45-53.

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27. Tirosh A, Shimon I. Current approach to treatments for prolactinomas. Minerva Endocrinol. 2016 Sep. 41 (3):316-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

28. Wu ZR, Zhang Y, Cai L, et al. Long-Term Clinical Outcomes of Invasive Giant Prolactinomas after a Mean Ten-Year Followup. Int J Endocrinol. 2016. 2016:8580750. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

29. Colao A, Di Sarno A, Sarnacchiaro F, et al. Prolactinomas resistant to standard dopamine agonists respond to chronic cabergoline treatment. Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997. 82(3):876-83. [Full Text].

30. Webster J, Piscitelli G, Polli A, et al. A comparison of cabergoline and bromocriptine in the treatment of hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea. Cabergoline Comparative Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1994 Oct 6. 331(14):904-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

31. Schlechte JA. Update in pituitary 2010. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Jan. 96(1):1-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Molitch ME. Pharmacologic resistance in prolactinoma patients. Pituitary. 2005. 8(1):43-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Gillam MP, Molitch ME, Lombardi G, Colao A. Advances in the treatment of prolactinomas. Endocr Rev. 2006 Aug. 27(5):485-534. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Oh MC, Aghi MK. Dopamine agonist-resistant prolactinomas. J Neurosurg. 2011 May. 114(5):1369-79. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Whitelaw BC, Dworakowska D, Thomas NW, et al. Temozolomide in the management of dopamine agonist-resistant prolactinomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2012 Jun. 76(6):877-86. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Lim S, Shahinian H, Maya MM, Yong W, Heaney AP. Temozolomide: a novel treatment for pituitary carcinoma. Lancet Oncol. 2006 Jun. 7(6):518-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Kars M, Roelfsema F, Romijn JA, Pereira AM. Malignant prolactinoma: case report and review of the literature. Eur J Endocrinol. 2006 Oct. 155(4):523-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Swords F, Monson J, Besser GM, et al. Gamma knife radiosurgery: a safe and effective salvage treatment for pituitary tumors not controlled despite conventional radiotherapy. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009 Sep 22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Raymond JP, Goldstein E, Konopka P, et al. Follow-up of children born of bromocriptine-treated mothers. Horm Res. 1985. 22(3):239-46. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Tyrrell JB, Lamborn KR, Hannegan LT, et al. Transsphenoidal microsurgical therapy of prolactinomas: initial outcomes and long-term results. Neurosurgery. 1999 Feb. 44(2):254-61; discussion 261-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Zamanipoor Najafabadi AH, Zandbergen IM, de Vries F, et al. Surgery as a Viable Alternative First-Line Treatment for Prolactinoma Patients. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Mar 1. 105 (3):[QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

42. Andereggen L, Frey J, Andres RH, et al. Long-Term Follow-Up of Primary Medical Versus Surgical Treatment of Prolactinomas in Men: Effects on Hyperprolactinemia, Hypogonadism, and Bone Health. World Neurosurg. 2017 Jan. 97:595-602. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Penn MC, Cardinal T, Zhang Y, et al. Cure and Hormonal Control After Prolactinoma Resection: Case Series and Systematic Review. J Endocr Soc. 2021 Oct 1. 5 (10):bvab074. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

44. van der Klaauw AA, Kars M, Biermasz NR, et al. Disease-specific impairments in quality of life during long-term follow-up of patients with different pituitary adenomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2008 Nov. 69 (5):775-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Raverot G, Burman P, McCormack AI, et al. European Society of Endocrinology clinical practice guidelines for the management of aggressive pituitary tumours and carcinomas. Eur J Endocrinol. 2017 Oct 18. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

46. Kars M, Pereira AM, Smit JW, et al. Long-term outcome of patients with macroprolactinomas initially treated with dopamine agonists. Eur J Intern Med. 2009 Jul. 20(4):387-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Venkatesh Babu Segu, MD, MBBS, DM Endocrinologist, Texas Diabetes & Endocrinology

Venkatesh Babu Segu, MD, MBBS, DM is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American Diabetes Association, Endocrine Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Yoram Shenker, MD Chief of Endocrinology Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center of Madison; Interim Chief, Associate Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin at Madison

Yoram Shenker, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Heart Association, Central Society for Clinical and Translational Research, Endocrine Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Romesh Khardori, MD, PhD, FACP (Retired) Professor, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School

Romesh Khardori, MD, PhD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Physicians, American Diabetes Association, Endocrine Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Robert A Gabbay, MD, PhD Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Laurence M Demers Career Development Professor, Penn State College of Medicine; Director, Diabetes Program, Penn State Milton S Hershey Medical Center; Executive Director, Penn State Institute for Diabetes and Obesity

Robert A Gabbay, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American Diabetes Association, and Endocrine Society

Disclosure: Novo Nordisk Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Merck Honoraria Speaking and teaching

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