Author
Lynne Goebel, MD Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University
Lynne Goebel, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Coauthor(s)
Mose July, MD, CCD Endocrinologist and Certified Clinical Densitometrist, Kymera Independent Physicians
Mose July, MD, CCD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, Endocrine Society, International Society for Clinical Densitometry
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Specialty Editor Board
Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference
Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.
Arthur B Chausmer, MD, PhD, FACP, FACE, FACN, CNS Professor of Medicine (Endocrinology, Adj), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; Affiliate Research Professor, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, School of Computational Sciences, George Mason University; Principal, C/A Informatics, LLC
Arthur B Chausmer, MD, PhD, FACP, FACE, FACN, CNS is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Nutrition, American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, International Society for Clinical Densitometry, American College of Endocrinology, American College of Physicians, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Medical Informatics Association, Endocrine Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Chief Editor
George T Griffing, MD Professor Emeritus of Medicine, St Louis University School of Medicine
George T Griffing, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Physician Leadership, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Medical Practice Executives, American College of Physicians, American Diabetes Association, American Federation for Medical Research, American Heart Association, Central Society for Clinical and Translational Research, Endocrine Society, International Society for Clinical Densitometry, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Additional Contributors
Janet J Wong, MD Consulting Dermatologist, Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine
Janet J Wong, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Van Perry, MD Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of Texas School of Medicine at San Antonio
Van Perry, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Kathryn Schwarzenberger, MD Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of Vermont College of Medicine; Consulting Staff, Division of Dermatology, Fletcher Allen Health Care
Kathryn Schwarzenberger, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Women's Dermatologic Society, American Contact Dermatitis Society, Medical Dermatology Society, Dermatology Foundation, Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Steven M Schwarz, MD, FAAP, FACN, AGAF Professor of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital at Downstate, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center
Steven M Schwarz, MD, FAAP, FACN, AGAF is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Nutrition, American Association for Physician Leadership, New York Academy of Medicine, Gastroenterology Research Group, American Gastroenterological Association, American Pediatric Society, North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Society for Pediatric Research
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Anne Elizabeth Laumann, MBChB, MRCP(UK), FAAD Professor Emerita of Dermatology, Northwestern University, The Feinberg School of Medicine
Anne Elizabeth Laumann, MBChB, MRCP(UK), FAAD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American Academy of Dermatology Association, American College of Wound Healing and Tissue Repair, American Dermato-Epidemiology Network, Association for Psychoneurocutaneous Medicine of North America, Association of Professors of Dermatology, British Association of Dermatologists, Chicago Dermatological Society, Chicago Medical Society, Dermatology Foundation, European Society of Tattoo and Pigment Research, Illinois Dermatological Society, Illinois State Medical Society, Institute of Medicine of Chicago, Lupus Foundation of America, Illinois Chapter, Medical Dermatology Society, National Psoriasis Foundation, National Vitiligo Foundation, North American Rheumatologic Dermatology Society, Rheumatologic Dermatology Society, Scleroderma Foundation, Society for Investigative Dermatology, The Global Fibrosis Foundation, Women's Dermatologic Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Henry Driscoll, MD Farrell Professor Emeritus of Endocrinology, Chief Emeritus, Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University
Henry Driscoll, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Diabetes Association, American Federation for Medical Research, American Medical Association, Endocrine Society, Massachusetts Medical Society, Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor Society, West Virginia State Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Dirk M Elston, MD Professor and Chairman, Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina College of Medicine
Dirk M Elston, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Julia Sanger Minocha, MD Resident Physician, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, The Feinberg School of Medicine
Julia Sanger Minocha, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, Phi Beta Kappa
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Bradley S Buckler, MD Fellow in Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Medical College of Georgia
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
The authors and editors of Medscape Reference gratefully acknowledge the contributions of previous authors Anjali Parish, MD, Kumaravel Rajakumar, MD, and Tarita Thomas, PhD, MBA,to the development and writing of the source articles.