Subacute Thyroiditis Questions & Answers

1. Tabassom A, Edens MA. De Quervain Thyroiditis. 2018 Jan. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

2. Stagnaro-Green A. Approach to the patient with postpartum thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Feb. 97(2):334-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. De Groot L, Abalovich M, Alexander EK, Amino N, Barbour L, Cobin RH, et al. Management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and postpartum: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Aug. 97(8):2543-65. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Gul N, Uzum AK, Selcukbiricik OS, Yegen G, Tanakol R, Aral F. Prevalence of papillary thyroid cancer in subacute thyroiditis patients may be higher than it is presumed: retrospective analysis of 137 patients. Radiol Oncol. 2018 Sep 11. 52 (3):257-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

5. Nishihara E, Kudo T, Ito M, et al. Papillary thyroid carcinomas are highly obscured by inflammatory hypoechoic regions caused by subacute thyroiditis: a longitudinal evaluation of 710 patients using ultrasonography. Endocr J. 2020 May 28. 67 (5):569-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

6. Desailloud R, Hober D. Viruses and thyroiditis: an update. Virol J. 2009 Jan 12. 6:5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

7. Dimos G, Pappas G, Akritidis N. Subacute thyroiditis in the course of novel H1N1 influenza infection. Endocrine. 2010 Jun. 37(3):440-1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Ohsako N, Tamai H, Sudo T, Mukuta T, Tanaka H, Kuma K, et al. Clinical characteristics of subacute thyroiditis classified according to human leukocyte antigen typing. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995 Dec. 80(12):3653-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Basaria S, Cooper DS. Amiodarone and the thyroid. Am J Med. Jul 2005. 118(7):706-14.

10. Filippi U, Brizzolara R, Venuti D, Cesarone A, Maritati VA, Podestà M, et al. Prevalence of post-partum thyroiditis in Liguria (Italy): an observational study. J Endocrinol Invest. 2008 Dec. 31(12):1063-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Palmer C. COVID-19 May Cause Subacute Thyroiditis. Medscape Medical News. 2020 May 27. [Full Text].

12. Brancatella A, Ricci D, Viola N, Sgro D, Santini F, Latrofa F. Subacute Thyroiditis After Sars-COV-2 Infection. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Jul 1. 105 (7):[QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

13. Muller I, Cannavaro D, Dazzi D, et al. SARS-CoV-2-related atypical thyroiditis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020 Jul 30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

14. Melville NA. Evidence Mounts for COVID-19 Effects on Thyroid Gland. Medscape Medical News. 2020 Aug 18. [Full Text].

15. Tucker ME. COVID-19 Can Cause Atypical Thyroid Inflammation. Medscape Medical News. 21 Mar 2021. [Full Text].

16. Ippolito S, Gallo D, Rossini A, et al. SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-associated subacute thyroiditis: insights from a systematic review. J Endocrinol Invest. 2022 Jan 29. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

17. Fatourechi V, Aniszewski JP, Fatourechi GZ, Atkinson EJ, Jacobsen SJ. Clinical features and outcome of subacute thyroiditis in an incidence cohort: Olmsted County, Minnesota, study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 May. 88(5):2100-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Ogawa E, Katsushima Y, Fujiwara I, Iinuma K. Subacute thyroiditis in children: patient report and review of the literature. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Jul-Aug. 16(6):897-900. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Hiraiwa T, Kubota S, Imagawa A, Sasaki I, Ito M, Miyauchi A, et al. Two cases of subacute thyroiditis presenting in pregnancy. J Endocrinol Invest. 2006 Nov. 29(10):924-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Kubota S, Nishihara E, Kudo T, Ito M, Amino N, Miyauchi A. Initial treatment with 15 mg of prednisolone daily is sufficient for most patients with subacute thyroiditis in Japan. Thyroid. 2013 Mar. 23 (3):269-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Nishimaki M, Isozaki O, Yoshihara A, Okubo Y, Takano K. Clinical characteristics of frequently recurring painless thyroiditis: contributions of higher thyroid hormone levels, younger onset, male gender, presence of thyroid autoantibody and absence of goiter to repeated recurrence. Endocr J. 2009. 56(3):391-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Sherman SI, Ladenson PW. Subacute thyroiditis causing thyroid storm. Thyroid. 2007 Mar. 17(3):283. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Masuoka H, Miyauchi A, Tomoda C, Inoue H, Takamura Y, Ito Y, et al. Imaging studies in sixty patients with acute suppurative thyroiditis. Thyroid. 2011 Oct. 21(10):1075-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Zein EF, Karaa SE, Megarbane A. Familial occurrence of painful subacute thyroiditis associated with human leukocyte antigen-B35. Presse Med. 2007 May. 36(5 Pt 1):808-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Salvi A, Spandrio S, Tosoni M, Rossi M, Balestrieri GP, Candrina R. Liver enzyme abnormalities in subacute thyroiditis. Recenti Prog Med. 1990 Nov. 81(11):686-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Nishihara E, Ohye H, Amino N, Takata K, Arishima T, Kudo T, et al. Clinical characteristics of 852 patients with subacute thyroiditis before treatment. Intern Med. 2008. 47(8):725-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Jhaveri K, Shroff MM, Fatterpekar GM, Som PM. CT and MR imaging findings associated with subacute thyroiditis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003 Jan. 24(1):143-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Tezuka M, Murata Y, Ishida R, Ohashi I, Hirata Y, Shibuya H. MR imaging of the thyroid: correlation between apparent diffusion coefficient and thyroid gland scintigraphy. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2003 Feb. 17(2):163-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Hiromatsu Y, Ishibashi M, Miyake I, Nonaka K. Technetium-99m tetrofosmin imaging in patients with subacute thyroiditis. Eur J Nucl Med. 1998 Oct. 25(10):1448-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Bennedbaek FN, Hegedüs L. The value of ultrasonography in the diagnosis and follow-up of subacute thyroiditis. Thyroid. 1997 Feb. 7(1):45-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Birchall IW, Chow CC, Metreweli C. Ultrasound appearances of de Quervain's thyroiditis. Clin Radiol. 1990 Jan. 41(1):57-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Brander A. Ultrasound appearances in de Quervain's subacute thyroiditis with long-term follow-up. J Intern Med. 1992 Oct. 232(4):321-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Park SY, Kim EK, Kim MJ, Kim BM, Oh KK, Hong SW, et al. Ultrasonographic characteristics of subacute granulomatous thyroiditis. Korean J Radiol. 2006 Oct-Dec. 7(4):229-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

34. Xie P, Xiao Y, Liu F. Real-time ultrasound elastography in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of subacute thyroiditis. J Clin Ultrasound. 2011 Oct. 39(8):435-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Omori N, Omori K, Takano K. Association of the ultrasonographic findings of subacute thyroiditis with thyroid pain and laboratory findings. Endocr J. 2008 Jul. 55(3):583-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Cappelli C, Pirola I, Gandossi E, Formenti AM, Agosti B, Castellano M. Ultrasound findings of subacute thyroiditis: a single institution retrospective review. Acta Radiol. 2014 May. 55 (4):429-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Frates MC, Marqusee E, Benson CB, Alexander EK. Subacute granulomatous (de Quervain) thyroiditis: grayscale and color Doppler sonographic characteristics. J Ultrasound Med. 2013 Mar. 32 (3):505-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Pan FS, Wang W, Wang Y, et al. Sonographic features of thyroid nodules that may help distinguish clinically atypical subacute thyroiditis from thyroid malignancy. J Ultrasound Med. 2015 Apr. 34 (4):689-96. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Kunz A, Blank W, Braun B. De Quervain's subacute thyroiditis -- colour Doppler sonography findings. Ultraschall Med. 2005 Apr. 26(2):102-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Lee YJ, Kim DW. Sonographic Characteristics and Interval Changes of Subacute Thyroiditis. J Ultrasound Med. 2016 Aug. 35 (8):1653-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Ruchala M, Szczepanek-Parulska E, Zybek A, Moczko J, Czarnywojtek A, Kaminski G, et al. The role of sonoelastography in acute, subacute and chronic thyroiditis: a novel application of the method. Eur J Endocrinol. 2012 Mar. 166(3):425-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Chang TC, Lai SM, Wen CY, Hsiao YL. Three-dimensional cytomorphology in fine needle aspiration biopsy of subacute thyroiditis. Acta Cytol. 2004 Mar-Apr. 48(2):155-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. García Solano J, Giménez Bascuñana A, Sola Pérez J, Campos Fernández J, Martínez Parra D, Sánchez Sánchez C, et al. Fine-needle aspiration of subacute granulomatous thyroiditis (De Quervain's thyroiditis): a clinico-cytologic review of 36 cases. Diagn Cytopathol. 1997 Mar. 16(3):214-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Ofner C, Hittmair A, Kröll I, Bangerl I, Zechmann W, Tötsch M, et al. Fine needle aspiration cytodiagnosis of subacute (de Quervain's) thyroiditis in an endemic goitre area. Cytopathology. 1994 Feb. 5(1):33-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Shabb NS, Salti I. Subacute thyroiditis: fine-needle aspiration cytology of 14 cases presenting with thyroid nodules. Diagn Cytopathol. 2006 Jan. 34(1):18-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Ranganath R, Shaha MA, Xu B, Migliacci J, Ghossein R, Shaha AR. de Quervain's thyroiditis: a review of experience with surgery. Am J Otolaryngol. 2016 Nov - Dec. 37 (6):534-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

47. Sato J, Uchida T, Komiya K, et al. Comparison of the therapeutic effects of prednisolone and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in patients with subacute thyroiditis. Endocrine. 2017 Jan. 55 (1):209-14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Weihl AC, Daniels GH, Ridgway EC, Maloof F. Thyroid function tests during the early phase of subacute thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1977 Jun. 44(6):1107-14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Arao T, Okada Y, Torimoto K, Kurozumi A, Narisawa M, Yamamoto S, et al. Prednisolone Dosing Regimen for Treatment of Subacute Thyroiditis. J UOEH. 2015 Jun 1. 37 (2):103-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Stephanie L Lee, MD, PhD Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; Director of Thyroid Health Center, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston Medical Center; Fellow, Association of Clinical Endocrinology

Stephanie L Lee, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Endocrinology, American Thyroid Association, Endocrine Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Sonia Ananthakrishnan, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Romesh Khardori, MD, PhD, FACP (Retired) Professor, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School

Romesh Khardori, MD, PhD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Physicians, American Diabetes Association, Endocrine Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mark R Allee, MD Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center

Mark R Allee, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

KoKo Aung, MD, MPH, FACP Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Adjunct Associate Professor of Public Health, University of Texas School of Public Health

KoKo Aung, MD, MPH, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary Zoe Baker, MD Professor, Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, University of Oklahoma; Medical Director, University of Oklahoma Physicians, Medicine Specialty Clinic, General Medicine Clinic and Medicine Residents' Clinic

Mary Zoe Baker, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American Chemical Society, and American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Daniel Matei Brailita, MD Chief of Infectious Diseases, Mary Lanning Memorial Hospital

Daniel Matei Brailita, MD is a member of the following medical societies: HIV Medicine Association of America and Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

James Burks, MD, FACP, FACE Professor of Medicine, Program Director, Department of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center

James Burks, MD, FACP, FACE is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American Diabetes Association, and Endocrine Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Arthur B Chausmer, MD, PhD, FACP, FACE, FACN, CNS Professor of Medicine (Endocrinology, Adj), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; Affiliate Research Professor, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, School of Computational Sciences, George Mason University; Principal, C/A Informatics, LLC

Arthur B Chausmer, MD, PhD, FACP, FACE, FACN, CNS is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Endocrinology, American College of Nutrition, American College of Physicians, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Medical Informatics Association, American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, Endocrine Society, and International Society for Clinical Densitometry

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Steven R Gambert, MD, MACP Chairman, Department of Medicine, Physician-in-Chief, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore; Professor of Medicine, Program Director, Internal Medicine Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Steven R Gambert, MD, MACP is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physician Executives, American College of Physicians, American Geriatrics Society, Association of Professors of Medicine, Endocrine Society, and Gerontological Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Amir E Harari, MD Staff Physician, Endocrinology Division, Instructor, Department of Clinical Medicine, Naval Medical Center at San Diego

Amir E Harari, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Physicians, and Endocrine Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Ildiko Lingvay, MD, MPH Assistant Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas

Ildiko Lingvay, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: Endocrine Society and Texas Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Joseph E Loewenstein, MD Retired

Joseph E Loewenstein, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American Diabetes Association, Endocrine Society, and Phi Beta Kappa

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose

Don S Schalch, MD Professor Emeritus, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics

Don S Schalch, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Diabetes Association, American Federation for Medical Research, Central Society for Clinical Research, and Endocrine Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

Stanley Wallach, MD Executive Director, American College of Nutrition; Clinical Professor, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine

Stanley Wallach, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Nutrition, American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, American Society for Clinical Investigation, American Society for Clinical Nutrition, American Society for Nutritional Sciences, Association of American Physicians, and Endocrine Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Kent Wehmeier, MD Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, St Louis University School of Medicine

Kent Wehmeier, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Hypertension, Endocrine Society, and International Society for Clinical Densitometry

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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