Uhrenholt L, Charles AV, Hauge E, Gregersen M. Pathoanatomy of the lower cervical spine facet joints in motor vehicle crash fatalities. J Forensic Leg Med. 2009 Jul. 16(5):253-60. [Medline].
Kouyoumdjian P, Guerin P, Schaelderle C, Asencio G, Gille O. Fracture of the lower cervical spine in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: Retrospective study of 19 cases. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2012 Sep. 98(5):543-51. [Medline].
Milligram MA, Rand N. Cervical spine anatomy. Spine State of the Art Reviews. 2000. 14(3):521-32.
Allen BL Jr, Ferguson RL, Lehmann TR, O'Brien RP. A mechanistic classification of closed, indirect fractures and dislocations of the lower cervical spine. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1982 Jan-Feb. 7 (1):1-27. [Medline].
Zehnder SW, Lenarz CJ, Place HM. Teachability and reliability of a new classification system for lower cervical spinal injuries. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009 Sep 1. 34(19):2039-43. [Medline].
Hubbard ME, Jewell RP, Dumont TM, Rughani AI. Spinal injury patterns among skiers and snowboarders. Neurosurg Focus. 2011 Nov. 31(5):E8. [Medline].
[Guideline] Hadley MN, Walters BC, Aarabi B, Dhall SS, Gelb DE, Hurlbert RJ, et al. Clinical assessment following acute cervical spinal cord injury. Neurosurgery. 2013 Mar. 72 Suppl 2:40-53. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Vaccaro AR, Hulbert RJ, Patel AA, Fisher C, Dvorak M, Lehman RA Jr, et al. The subaxial cervical spine injury classification system: a novel approach to recognize the importance of morphology, neurology, and integrity of the disco-ligamentous complex. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2007 Oct 1. 32 (21):2365-74. [Medline].
[Guideline] Aarabi B, Walters BC, Dhall SS, Gelb DE, Hurlbert RJ, Rozzelle CJ, et al. Subaxial cervical spine injury classification systems. Neurosurgery. 2013 Mar. 72 Suppl 2:170-86. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Vaccaro AR, Koerner JD, Radcliff KE, Oner FC, Reinhold M, Schnake KJ, et al. AOSpine subaxial cervical spine injury classification system. Eur Spine J. 2016 Jul. 25 (7):2173-84. [Medline].
Meinberg EG, Agel J, Roberts CS, Karam MD, Kellam JF. Fracture and Dislocation Classification Compendium-2018. J Orthop Trauma. 2018 Jan. 32 Suppl 1:S1-S170. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Platzer P, Hauswirth N, Jaindl M, Chatwani S, Vecsei V, Gaebler C. Delayed or missed diagnosis of cervical spine injuries. J Trauma. 2006 Jul. 61(1):150-5. [Medline].
Silva CT, Doria AS, Traubici J, Moineddin R, Davila J, Shroff M. Do additional views improve the diagnostic performance of cervical spine radiography in pediatric trauma?. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010 Feb. 194(2):500-8. [Medline].
Antevil JL, Sise MJ, Sack DI, Kidder B, Hopper A, Brown CV. Spiral computed tomography for the initial evaluation of spine trauma: A new standard of care?. J Trauma. 2006 Aug. 61(2):382-7. [Medline].
[Guideline] Ryken TC, Hadley MN, Walters BC, Aarabi B, Dhall SS, Gelb DE, et al. Radiographic assessment. Neurosurgery. 2013 Mar. 72 Suppl 2:54-72. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Eismont FJ, Arena MJ, Green BA. Extrusion of an intervertebral disc associated with traumatic subluxation or dislocation of cervical facets. Case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1991 Dec. 73 (10):1555-60. [Medline].
Toh E, Nomura T, Watanabe M, Mochida J. Surgical treatment for injuries of the middle and lower cervical spine. Int Orthop. 2006 Feb. 30 (1):54-8. [Medline].
Marco RA, Meyer BC, Kushwaha VP. Thoracolumbar burst fractures treated with posterior decompression and pedicle screw instrumentation supplemented with balloon-assisted vertebroplasty and calcium phosphate reconstruction. Surgical technique. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010 Mar. 92 Suppl 1 Pt 1:67-76. [Medline].
Kim HJ, Lee KY, Kim WC. Treatment outcome of cervical tear drop fracture. Asian Spine J. 2009 Dec. 3(2):73-9. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Dvorak MF, Fisher CG, Aarabi B, Harris MB, Hurbert RJ, Rampersaud YR, et al. Clinical outcomes of 90 isolated unilateral facet fractures, subluxations, and dislocations treated surgically and nonoperatively. Spine. 2007 Dec 15. 32(26):3007-13. [Medline].
[Guideline] Gelb DE, Aarabi B, Dhall SS, Hurlbert RJ, Rozzelle CJ, Ryken TC, et al. Treatment of subaxial cervical spinal injuries. Neurosurgery. 2013 Mar. 72 Suppl 2:187-94. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Tsutsumi S, Ueta T, Shiba K, Yamamoto S, Takagishi K. Effects of the Second National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study of high-dose methylprednisolone therapy on acute cervical spinal cord injury-results in spinal injuries center. Spine. 2006 Dec 15. 31(26):2992-6; discussion 2997. [Medline].
Bracken MB, Holford TR. Neurological and functional status 1 year after acute spinal cord injury: estimates of functional recovery in National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study II from results modeled in National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study III. J Neurosurg. 2002 Apr. 96(3 Suppl):259-66. [Medline].
Young W, Bracken MB. The Second National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study. J Neurotrauma. 1992 Mar. 9 Suppl 1:S397-405. [Medline].
Bracken MB, Shepard MJ, Hellenbrand KG, Collins WF, Leo LS, Freeman DF, et al. Methylprednisolone and neurological function 1 year after spinal cord injury. Results of the National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study. J Neurosurg. 1985 Nov. 63(5):704-13. [Medline].
Fehlings MG. Summary statement: the use of methylprednisolone in acute spinal cord injury. Spine. 2001 Dec 15. 26(24 Suppl):S55. [Medline].
Hugenholtz H, Cass DE, Dvorak MF, Fewer DH, Fox RJ, Izukawa DM, et al. High-dose methylprednisolone for acute closed spinal cord injury--only a treatment option. Can J Neurol Sci. 2002 Aug. 29 (3):227-35. [Medline].
[Guideline] Hurlbert RJ, Hadley MN, Walters BC, Aarabi B, Dhall SS, Gelb DE, et al. Pharmacological therapy for acute spinal cord injury. Neurosurgery. 2013 Mar. 72 Suppl 2:93-105. [Medline].
Fehlings MG, Bracken MB. Summary Statement: The Sygen(R) (GM-1 Ganglioside) Clinical Trial in Acute Spinal Cord Injury. Spine. 2001 Dec 15. 26(24 Suppl):S99-S100. [Medline].
Segal JL, Pathak MS, Hernandez JP, Himber PL, Brunnemann SR, Charter RS. Safety and efficacy of 4-aminopyridine in humans with spinal cord injury: a long-term, controlled trial. Pharmacotherapy. 1999 Jun. 19 (6):713-23. [Medline].
Dhillon CS, Jakkan MS, Dwivedi R, Medagam NR, Jindal P, Ega S. Outcomes of Unstable Subaxial Cervical Spine Fractures Managed by Posteroanterior Stabilization and Fusion. Asian Spine J. 2018 Jun. 12 (3):416-422. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Sapkas GS, Papadakis SA. Neurological outcome following early versus delayed lower cervical spine surgery. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong). 2007 Aug. 15(2):183-6. [Medline].
Furlan JC, Noonan V, Cadotte DW, Fehlings MG. Timing of decompressive surgery of spinal cord after traumatic spinal cord injury: an evidence-based examination of pre-clinical and clinical studies. J Neurotrauma. 2011 Aug. 28(8):1371-99. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Fehlings MG, Vaccaro A, Wilson JR, Singh A, W Cadotte D, Harrop JS, et al. Early versus delayed decompression for traumatic cervical spinal cord injury: results of the Surgical Timing in Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study (STASCIS). PLoS One. 2012. 7 (2):e32037. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Du JP, Fan Y, Zhang JN, Liu JJ, Meng YB, Hao DJ. Early versus delayed decompression for traumatic cervical spinal cord injury: application of the AOSpine subaxial cervical spinal injury classification system to guide surgical timing. Eur Spine J. 2019 Mar 22. [Medline].
Apple DF. Spinal cord injury rehabilitation. Garfin SR, Vaccaro AR, eds. Orthopaedic Knowledge Update: Spine. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 2002. Vol 2: 239-44.
Levine AM. Facet fractures and dislocations. Lampert R, ed. Spine Trauma. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1998. 331-65.