Ulmar B, Gühring M, Schmälzle T, Weise K, Badke A, Brunner A. Inter- and intra-observer reliability of the Cobb angle in the measurement of vertebral, local and segmental kyphosis of traumatic lumbar spine fractures in the lateral X-ray. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2010 Dec. 130 (12):1533-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Perriman DM, Scarvell JM, Hughes AR, Ashman B, Lueck CJ, Smith PN. Validation of the flexible electrogoniometer for measuring thoracic kyphosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2010 Jun 15. 35 (14):E633-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Smith JS, Klineberg E, Schwab F, Shaffrey CI, Moal B, Ames CP, et al. Change in classification grade by the SRS-Schwab Adult Spinal Deformity Classification predicts impact on health-related quality of life measures: prospective analysis of operative and nonoperative treatment. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2013 Sep 1. 38 (19):1663-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Bautmans I, Van Arken J, Van Mackelenberg M, Mets T. Rehabilitation using manual mobilization for thoracic kyphosis in elderly postmenopausal patients with osteoporosis. J Rehabil Med. 2010 Feb. 42 (2):129-35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Tribus CB. Scheuermann's kyphosis in adolescents and adults: diagnosis and management. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1998 Jan-Feb. 6 (1):36-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Damborg F, Engell V, Andersen M, Kyvik KO, Thomsen K. Prevalence, concordance, and heritability of Scheuermann kyphosis based on a study of twins. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006 Oct. 88 (10):2133-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Sorensen KH. Scheuermann's Juvenile Kyphosis: Clinical Appearances, Radiography, Aetiology and Prognosis. Copenhagen: Munksgaard; 1964.
Kado DM, Prenovost K, Crandall C. Narrative review: hyperkyphosis in older persons. Ann Intern Med. 2007 Sep 4. 147 (5):330-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Malcolm BW, Bradford DS, Winter RB, Chou SN. Post-traumatic kyphosis. A review of forty-eight surgically treated patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1981 Jul. 63 (6):891-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Schoenfeld AJ, Wood KB, Fisher CF, Fehlings M, Oner FC, Bouchard K, et al. Posttraumatic kyphosis: current state of diagnosis and treatment: results of a multinational survey of spine trauma surgeons. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2010 Oct. 23 (7):e1-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Macagno AE, O'Brien MF. Thoracic and thoracolumbar kyphosis in adults. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006 Sep 1. 31 (19 Suppl):S161-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Shelton YA. Scoliosis and kyphosis in adolescents: diagnosis and management. Adolesc Med State Art Rev. 2007 May. 18 (1):121-39, x. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Lowe TG. Scheuermann's kyphosis. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2007 Apr. 18 (2):305-15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Lowe TG, Line BG. Evidence based medicine: analysis of Scheuermann kyphosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2007 Sep 1. 32 (19 Suppl):S115-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ailon T, Shaffrey CI, Lenke LG, Harrop JS, Smith JS. Progressive Spinal Kyphosis in the Aging Population. Neurosurgery. 2015 Oct. 77 Suppl 4:S164-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Lehmer SM, Keppler L, Biscup RS, Enker P, Miller SD, Steffee AD. Posterior transvertebral osteotomy for adult thoracolumbar kyphosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1994 Sep 15. 19 (18):2060-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kostuik JP, Matsusaki H. Anterior stabilization, instrumentation, and decompression for post-traumatic kyphosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1989 Apr. 14 (4):379-86. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Bradford DS, Moe JH, Montalvo FJ, Winter RB. Scheuermann's kyphosis. Results of surgical treatment by posterior spine arthrodesis in twenty-two patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1975 Jun. 57 (4):439-48. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Lowe TG, Kasten MD. An analysis of sagittal curves and balance after Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation for kyphosis secondary to Scheuermann's disease. A review of 32 patients. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1994 Aug 1. 19 (15):1680-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Speck GR, Chopin DC. The surgical treatment of Scheuermann's kyphosis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1986 Mar. 68 (2):189-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Bridwell KH, Lewis SJ, Edwards C, Lenke LG, Iffrig TM, Berra A, et al. Complications and outcomes of pedicle subtraction osteotomies for fixed sagittal imbalance. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2003 Sep 15. 28 (18):2093-101. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Bridwell KH, Lewis SJ, Lenke LG, Baldus C, Blanke K. Pedicle subtraction osteotomy for the treatment of fixed sagittal imbalance. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003 Mar. 85-A (3):454-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Lee SS, Lenke LG, Kuklo TR, Valenté L, Bridwell KH, Sides B, et al. Comparison of Scheuermann kyphosis correction by posterior-only thoracic pedicle screw fixation versus combined anterior/posterior fusion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006 Sep 15. 31 (20):2316-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Herrera-Soto JA, Parikh SN, Al-Sayyad MJ, Crawford AH. Experience with combined video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) anterior spinal release and posterior spinal fusion in Scheuermann's kyphosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2005 Oct 1. 30 (19):2176-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Huq S, Ehresman J, Cottrill E, Ahmed AK, Pennington Z, Westbroek EM, et al. Treatment approaches for Scheuermann kyphosis: a systematic review of historic and current management. J Neurosurg Spine. 2019 Nov 1. 32 (2):235-247. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Glassman SD, Bridwell K, Dimar JR, Horton W, Berven S, Schwab F. The impact of positive sagittal balance in adult spinal deformity. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2005 Sep 15. 30 (18):2024-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ishikawa Y, Miyakoshi N, Hongo M, Kasukawa Y, Kudo D, Shimada Y. Relationships among spinal mobility and sagittal alignment of spine and lower extremity to quality of life and risk of falls. Gait Posture. 2017 Mar. 53:98-103. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Schwab FJ, Blondel B, Bess S, Hostin R, Shaffrey CI, Smith JS, et al. Radiographical spinopelvic parameters and disability in the setting of adult spinal deformity: a prospective multicenter analysis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2013 Jun 1. 38 (13):E803-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Lafage V, Schwab F, Patel A, Hawkinson N, Farcy JP. Pelvic tilt and truncal inclination: two key radiographic parameters in the setting of adults with spinal deformity. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009 Aug 1. 34 (17):E599-606. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Protopsaltis T, Schwab F, Bronsard N, Smith JS, Klineberg E, Mundis G, et al. TheT1 pelvic angle, a novel radiographic measure of global sagittal deformity, accounts for both spinal inclination and pelvic tilt and correlates with health-related quality of life. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014 Oct 1. 96 (19):1631-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Bradford DS, Ganjavian S, Antonious D, Winter RB, Lonstein JE, Moe JH. Anterior strut-grafting for the treatment of kyphosis. Review of experience with forty-eight patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1982 Jun. 64 (5):680-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Yilgor C, Sogunmez N, Boissiere L, Yavuz Y, Obeid I, Kleinstück F, et al. Global Alignment and Proportion (GAP) Score: Development and Validation of a New Method of Analyzing Spinopelvic Alignment to Predict Mechanical Complications After Adult Spinal Deformity Surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2017 Oct 4. 99 (19):1661-1672. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Bezalel T, Carmeli E, Kalichman L. Introduction of the Novel Radiographic Line (L5-Kyphosis Apex Line) Intended to Evaluate Scheuermann's Disease and Postural Kyphosis Progression on Standard Lateral X-Rays. Asian Spine J. 2020 Jun. 14 (3):350-356. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Ali R, Schwalb JM, Nerenz DR, Antoine HJ, Rubinfeld I. Use of the modified frailty index to predict 30-day morbidity and mortality from spine surgery. J Neurosurg Spine. 2016 Oct. 25 (4):537-541. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Yagi M, Michikawa T, Hosogane N, Fujita N, Okada E, Suzuki S, et al. Treatment for Frailty Does Not Improve Complication Rates in Corrective Surgery for Adult Spinal Deformity. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2019 May 15. 44 (10):723-731. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Hart RA, Prendergast MA, Roberts WG, Nesbit GM, Barnwell SL. Proximal junctional acute collapse cranial to multi-level lumbar fusion: a cost analysis of prophylactic vertebral augmentation. Spine J. 2008 Nov-Dec. 8 (6):875-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ganesan S, Karampalis C, Garrido E, Tsirikos AI. Infantile developmental thoracolumbar kyphosis with segmental subluxation of the spine: report of five patients and review of the literature. Bone Joint J. 2015 Jul. 97-B (7):982-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Wenger DR, Frick SL. Scheuermann kyphosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1999 Dec 15. 24 (24):2630-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Vaccaro AR, Silber JS. Post-traumatic spinal deformity. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2001 Dec 15. 26 (24 Suppl):S111-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Murray PM, Weinstein SL, Spratt KF. The natural history and long-term follow-up of Scheuermann kyphosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1993 Feb. 75 (2):236-48. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Zaina F, Atanasio S, Ferraro C, Fusco C, Negrini A, Romano M, et al. Review of rehabilitation and orthopedic conservative approach to sagittal plane diseases during growth: hyperkyphosis, junctional kyphosis, and Scheuermann disease. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2009 Dec. 45 (4):595-603. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Etemadifar MR, Jamalaldini MH, Layeghi R. Successful brace treatment of Scheuermann's kyphosis with different angles. J Craniovertebr Junction Spine. 2017 Apr-Jun. 8 (2):136-143. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Sachs B, Bradford D, Winter R, Lonstein J, Moe J, Willson S. Scheuermann kyphosis. Follow-up of Milwaukee-brace treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1987 Jan. 69 (1):50-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Protopsaltis TS, Soroceanu A, Tishelman JC, Buckland AJ, Mundis GM Jr, Smith JS, et al. Should Sagittal Spinal Alignment Targets for Adult Spinal Deformity Correction Depend on Pelvic Incidence and Age?. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2020 Feb 15. 45 (4):250-257. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Coe JD, Smith JS, Berven S, Arlet V, Donaldson W, Hanson D, et al. Complications of spinal fusion for scheuermann kyphosis: a report of the scoliosis research society morbidity and mortality committee. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2010 Jan 1. 35 (1):99-103. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Wood KB, Melikian R, Villamil F. Adult Scheuermann kyphosis: evaluation, management, and new developments. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2012 Feb. 20 (2):113-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Bridwell KH. Decision making regarding Smith-Petersen vs. pedicle subtraction osteotomy vs. vertebral column resection for spinal deformity. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006 Sep 1. 31 (19 Suppl):S171-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Wei HY, Dong CK, Zhu YT, Zhou J, Yi P, Yang F, et al. A modified posterior wedge osteotomy with interbody fusion for the treatment of thoracolumbar kyphosis with Andersson lesions in ankylosing spondylitis: a 5-year follow-up study. Chin Med J (Engl). 2020 Jan 20. 133 (2):165-173. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Hehne HJ, Zielke K, Böhm H. Polysegmental lumbar osteotomies and transpedicled fixation for correction of long-curved kyphotic deformities in ankylosing spondylitis. Report on 177 cases. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1990 Sep. 258:49-55. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Meng Y, Ma J, Shu L, Yin J, Gao R, Wang C, et al. Modified C7 pedicle subtraction osteotomy for the correction of cervicothoracic kyphosis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2020 Jan 14. 21 (1):28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Dreimann M, Hoffmann M, Viezens L, Weiser L, Czorlich P, Eicker SO. Reducing kyphotic deformity by posterior vertebral column resection with 360° osteosynthesis in metastatic epidural spinal cord compression (MESCC). Eur Spine J. 2017 Jan. 26 (1):113-121. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Dreimann M, Hempfing A, Stangenberg M, Viezens L, Weiser L, Czorlich P, et al. Posterior vertebral column resection with 360-degree osteosynthesis in osteoporotic kyphotic deformity and spinal cord compression. Neurosurg Rev. 2018 Jan. 41 (1):221-228. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Cho KJ, Bridwell KH, Lenke LG, Berra A, Baldus C. Comparison of Smith-Petersen versus pedicle subtraction osteotomy for the correction of fixed sagittal imbalance. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2005 Sep 15. 30 (18):2030-7; discussion 2038. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Riley MS, Lenke LG, Chapman TM Jr, Sides BA, Blanke KM, Kelly MP. Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes After Posterior Vertebral Column Resection for Severe Spinal Deformity with Five-Year Follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2018 Mar 7. 100 (5):396-405. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Protopsaltis TS, Lafage R, Smith JS, Passias PG, Shaffrey CI, Kim HJ, et al. The Lumbar Pelvic Angle, the Lumbar Component of the T1 Pelvic Angle, Correlates With HRQOL, PI-LL Mismatch, and it Predicts Global Alignment. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2018 May 15. 43 (10):681-687. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Zhong W, Chen Z, Zeng Y, Sun C, Li W, Qi Q, et al. Two-Level Osteotomy for the Corrective Surgery of Severe Kyphosis From Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Retrospective Series. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2019 Dec 1. 44 (23):1638-1646. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Zhou C, Liu L, Song Y, Feng G, Yang X, Wang L. Comparison of anterior and posterior vertebral column resection versus anterior and posterior spinal fusion for severe and rigid scoliosis. Spine J. 2018 Jun. 18 (6):948-953. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Brodner W, Mun Yue W, Möller HB, Hendricks KJ, Burd TA, Gaines RW. Short segment bone-on-bone instrumentation for single curve idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2003 Oct 15. 28 (20):S224-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Demirkiran G, Theologis AA, Pekmezci M, Ames C, Deviren V. Adult Spinal Deformity Correction with Multi-level Anterior Column Releases: Description of a New Surgical Technique and Literature Review. Clin Spine Surg. 2016 May. 29 (4):141-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kim HJ, Nemani V, Boachie-Adjei O, Cunningham ME, Iorio JA, O'Neill K, et al. Distal Fusion Level Selection in Scheuermann's Kyphosis: A Comparison of Lordotic Disc Segment Versus the Sagittal Stable Vertebrae. Global Spine J. 2017 May. 7 (3):254-259. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Dikici F, Akgul T, Sariyilmaz K, Korkmaz M, Ozkunt O, Sar C, et al. Selection of distal fusion level in terms of distal junctional kyphosis in Scheuermann kyphosis. A comparison of 3 methods. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 2018 Jan. 52 (1):7-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Jain A, Sponseller PD, Newton PO, Shah SA, Cahill PJ, Njoku DB, et al. Smaller body size increases the percentage of blood volume lost during posterior spinal arthrodesis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2015 Mar 18. 97 (6):507-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Colomina MJ, Koo M, Basora M, Pizones J, Mora L, Bagó J. Intraoperative tranexamic acid use in major spine surgery in adults: a multicentre, randomized, placebo-controlled trial†. Br J Anaesth. 2017 Mar 1. 118 (3):380-390. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Slattery C, Kark J, Wagner T, Verma K. The Use of Tranexamic Acid to Reduce Surgical Blood Loss: A Review Basic Science, Subspecialty Studies, and The Evolution of Use in Spine Deformity Surgery. Clin Spine Surg. 2019 Mar. 32 (2):46-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Bible JE, Mirza M, Knaub MA. Blood-loss Management in Spine Surgery. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2018 Jan 15. 26 (2):35-44. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Clement JL, Chau E, Kimkpe C, Vallade MJ. Restoration of thoracic kyphosis by posterior instrumentation in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: comparative radiographic analysis of two methods of reduction. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008 Jun 15. 33 (14):1579-87. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Song KS, Chang BS, Yeom JS, Lee JH, Park KW, Lee CK. Surgical treatment of severe angular kyphosis with myelopathy: anterior and posterior approach with pedicle screw instrumentation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008 May 15. 33 (11):1229-35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Wilber RG, Thompson GH, Shaffer JW, Brown RH, Nash CL Jr. Postoperative neurological deficits in segmental spinal instrumentation. A study using spinal cord monitoring. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1984 Oct. 66 (8):1178-87. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Glassman SD, Hamill CL, Bridwell KH, Schwab FJ, Dimar JR, Lowe TG. The impact of perioperative complications on clinical outcome in adult deformity surgery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2007 Nov 15. 32 (24):2764-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kim YJ, Bridwell KH, Lenke LG, Rinella AS, Edwards C 2nd. Pseudarthrosis in primary fusions for adult idiopathic scoliosis: incidence, risk factors, and outcome analysis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2005 Feb 15. 30 (4):468-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ball JM, Cagle P, Johnson BE, Lucasey C, Lukert BP. Spinal extension exercises prevent natural progression of kyphosis. Osteoporos Int. 2009 Mar. 20 (3):481-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kim YJ, Bridwell KH, Lenke LG, Cho KJ, Edwards CC 2nd, Rinella AS. Pseudarthrosis in adult spinal deformity following multisegmental instrumentation and arthrodesis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006 Apr. 88 (4):721-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Glattes RC, Bridwell KH, Lenke LG, Kim YJ, Rinella A, Edwards C 2nd. Proximal junctional kyphosis in adult spinal deformity following long instrumented posterior spinal fusion: incidence, outcomes, and risk factor analysis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2005 Jul 15. 30 (14):1643-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Yagi M, Rahm M, Gaines R, Maziad A, Ross T, Kim HJ, et al. Characterization and surgical outcomes of proximal junctional failure in surgically treated patients with adult spinal deformity. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2014 May 1. 39 (10):E607-14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Verma R, Lafage R, Scheer J, Smith J, Passias P, Hostin R, et al. Improvement in Back and Leg Pain and Disability Following Adult Spinal Deformity Surgery: Study of 324 Patients With 2-year Follow-up and the Impact of Surgery on Patient-reported Outcomes. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2019 Feb 15. 44 (4):263-269. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Miller EK, Lenke LG, Neuman BJ, et al. External Validation of the Adult Spinal Deformity (ASD) Frailty Index (ASD-FI) in the Scoli-RISK-1 Patient Database. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2018 Oct 15. 43 (20):1426-1431. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Lonner BS, Newton P, Betz R, Scharf C, O'Brien M, Sponseller P, et al. Operative management of Scheuermann's kyphosis in 78 patients: radiographic outcomes, complications, and technique. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2007 Nov 15. 32 (24):2644-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Soroceanu A, Diebo BG, Burton D, Smith JS, Deviren V, Shaffrey C, et al. Radiographical and Implant-Related Complications in Adult Spinal Deformity Surgery: Incidence, Patient Risk Factors, and Impact on Health-Related Quality of Life. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2015 Sep 15. 40 (18):1414-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].