Breasted JH. The Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1980. 2 vols: vol 1, xvi, 6, 480-5, 487-9, 446-8, 451-4, 466; vol 2, i, XVII, XVIIA.
Wilkins RH. Neurosurgical Classic-XVII: Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus. Cyber Museum of Neurosurgery. Available at http://www.neurosurgery.org/cybermuseum/pre20th/epapyrus.html. Accessed: January 23, 2019.
NICOLL EA. Fractures of the dorso-lumbar spine. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1949 Aug. 31B (3):376-94. [Medline].
Fellrath RF Jr, Hanley EN Jr. Multitrauma and thoracolumbar fractures. Semin Spine Surg. 1995. 7:103-108.
Levine AM. Facet fractures and dislocations of the thoracolumbar spine. Spine Trauma. 1998. 415-427.
Whitesides TE Jr. Traumatic kyphosis of the thoracolumbar spine. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1977 Oct. (128):78-92. [Medline].
Dunn RN, van der Spuy D. Rugby and cervical spine injuries - has anything changed? A 5-year review in the Western Cape. S Afr Med J. 2010 Mar 30. 100(4):235-8. [Medline].
Kemp AM, Joshi AH, Mann M, Tempest V, Liu A, Holden S, et al. What are the clinical and radiological characteristics of spinal injuries from physical abuse: a systematic review. Arch Dis Child. 2010 May. 95(5):355-60. [Medline].
Liu P, Yao Y, Liu MY, Fan WL, Chao R, Wang ZG, et al. Spinal trauma in mainland China from 2001 to 2007: an epidemiological study based on a nationwide database. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2012 Jul 1. 37(15):1310-5. [Medline].
Gertzbein SD. Scoliosis Research Society. Multicenter spine fracture study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1992 May. 17 (5):528-40. [Medline].
Schouten R, Albert T, Kwon BK. The spine-injured patient: initial assessment and emergency treatment. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2012 Jun. 20(6):336-46. [Medline].
Silva CT, Doria AS, Traubici J, Moineddin R, Davila J, Shroff M. Do additional views improve the diagnostic performance of cervical spine radiography in pediatric trauma?. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010 Feb. 194(2):500-8. [Medline].
Radcliff K, Kepler C, Reitman C, Harrop J, Vaccaro A. CT and MRI-based diagnosis of craniocervical dislocations: the role of the occipitoatlantal ligament. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012 Jun. 470(6):1602-13. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Grauer JN, Vaccaro AR, Lee JY, Nassr A, Dvorak MF, Harrop JS, et al. The timing and influence of MRI on the management of patients with cervical facet dislocations remains highly variable: a survey of members of the Spine Trauma Study Group. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2009 Apr. 22(2):96-9. [Medline].
Bono CM, Rinaldi MD. Thoracolumbar trauma. Spivak J, Connolly PJ, eds. Orthopaedic Knowledge Update Spine 3. 3rd ed. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 2006. 201-216/23.
Arnold PM, Brodke DS, Rampersaud YR, Harrop JS, Dailey AT, Shaffrey CI, et al. Differences between neurosurgeons and orthopedic surgeons in classifying cervical dislocation injuries and making assessment and treatment decisions: a multicenter reliability study. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2009 Oct. 38(10):E156-61. [Medline].
Noonan VK, Thorogood NP, Fingas M, Batke J, Bélanger L, Kwon BK, et al. The validity of administrative data to classify patients with spinal column and cord injuries. J Neurotrauma. 2013 Feb 1. 30 (3):173-80. [Medline].
Holdsworth F. Fractures, dislocations, and fracture-dislocations of the spine. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1970 Dec. 52(8):1534-51. [Medline].
Magerl F, Aebi M, Gertzbein SD, Harms J, Nazarian S. A comprehensive classification of thoracic and lumbar injuries. Eur Spine J. 1994. 3(4):184-201. [Medline].
Bracken MB, Holford TR. Neurological and functional status 1 year after acute spinal cord injury: estimates of functional recovery in National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study II from results modeled in National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study III. J Neurosurg. 2002 Apr. 96(3 Suppl):259-66. [Medline].
Coleman WP, Benzel D, Cahill DW, Ducker T, Geisler F, Green B, et al. A critical appraisal of the reporting of the National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Studies (II and III) of methylprednisolone in acute spinal cord injury. J Spinal Disord. 2000 Jun. 13(3):185-99. [Medline].
Nesathurai S. Steroids and spinal cord injury: revisiting the NASCIS 2 and NASCIS 3 trials. J Trauma. 1998 Dec. 45(6):1088-93. [Medline].
Bracken MB, Shepard MJ, Holford TR, Leo-Summers L, Aldrich EF, Fazl M, et al. Administration of methylprednisolone for 24 or 48 hours or tirilazad mesylate for 48 hours in the treatment of acute spinal cord injury. Results of the Third National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Randomized Controlled Trial. National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study. JAMA. 1997 May 28. 277(20):1597-604. [Medline].
Young W. NASCIS. National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study. J Neurotrauma. 1990 Fall. 7 (3):113-4. [Medline].
Geisler FH. GM-1 ganglioside and motor recovery following human spinal cord injury. J Emerg Med. 1993. 11 Suppl 1:49-55. [Medline].
Geisler FH, Dorsey FC, Coleman WP. Recovery of motor function after spinal-cord injury--a randomized, placebo-controlled trial with GM-1 ganglioside. N Engl J Med. 1991 Jun 27. 324(26):1829-38. [Medline].
Rajasekaran S. Thoracolumbar burst fractures without neurological deficit: the role for conservative treatment. Eur Spine J. 2010 Mar. 19 Suppl 1:S40-7. [Medline].
Daniaux H. [Transpedicular repositioning and spongioplasty in fractures of the vertebral bodies of the lower thoracic and lumbar spine]. Unfallchirurg. 1986 May. 89(5):197-213. [Medline].
Daniaux H, Seykora P, Genelin A, Lang T, Kathrein A. Application of posterior plating and modifications in thoracolumbar spine injuries. Indication, techniques, and results. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1991 Mar. 16 (3 Suppl):S125-33. [Medline].
Bedbrook GM. Treatment of thoracolumbar dislocation and fractures with paraplegia. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1975 Oct. (112):27-43. [Medline].
Bohlman HH. Treatment of fractures and dislocations of the thoracic and lumbar spine. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1985 Jan. 67(1):165-9. [Medline].
Lewis J, McKibbin B. The treatment of unstable fracture-dislocations of the thoraco-lumbar spine accompanied by paraplegia. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1974 Nov. 56-B(4):603-12. [Medline].
Vialle R, Rillardon L, Feydy A, Levassor N, Lavelle G, Guigui P. Spinal trauma with a complete anterior vertebral body dislocation: a report of three cases. Spinal Cord. 2008 Feb. 46 (2):154-8. [Medline].
Reindl R, Ouellet J, Harvey EJ, Berry G, Arlet V. Anterior reduction for cervical spine dislocation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006 Mar 15. 31 (6):648-52. [Medline].
Wang HC, Yang YL, Lin WC, Chen WF, Yang TM, Lin YJ, et al. Computer-assisted pedicle screw placement for thoracolumbar spine fracture with separate spinal reference clamp placement and registration. Surg Neurol. 2008 Jun. 69(6):597-601; discussion 601. [Medline].
Eismont FJ, Wiesel SW, Rothman RH. Treatment of dural tears associated with spinal surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1981 Sep. 63(7):1132-6. [Medline].