Diagnostic Considerations

Other problems to be considered include the following:

Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) type 1
Abetalipoproteinemia
Isolated vitamin E deficiency
Other early onset ataxias (ie, Marinesco-Sjögren syndrome, Ramsay Hunt syndrome, X-linked inherited ataxia)
Late-onset ataxias (ie, common autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia [ADCA], Machado-Joseph disease, Cuban and other forms of ADCA, Sporadic cerebellar ataxia of late onset)
Ataxia telangiectasia
Developmental ataxias (ie, Dandy-Walker syndrome and Chiari malformation, Joubert syndrome, Gillespie syndrome)
Acquired ataxias (ie, trauma, infections [eg, viral including Epstein-Barr virus, echovirus, coxsackievirus, polio virus, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, AIDS, toxoplasmosis, Lyme disease, mycoplasma, legionellosis, bacterial abscess], vascular, neoplasms, neoplastic syndromes, demyelinating, metabolic [eg, hyponatremia, hypothyroidism, nutritional], toxins [eg, anticonvulsants, lithium, bismuth, cytotoxic drugs, solvents, methyl mercury, alcohol-related cerebellar degeneration], physical agents [eg, heatstroke])

Workup

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Schulz JB, Di Prospero NA, Fischbeck K. Clinical experience with high-dose idebenone in Friedreich ataxia. J Neurol. 2009 Mar. 256 Suppl 1 (0 1):42-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
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Author

Stephen Kishner, MD, MHA Clinical Professor, Louisiana State University School of Medicine in New Orleans

Stephen Kishner, MD, MHA is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Paul E Di Cesare, MD Clinical Operations Associate Medical Director, AIM Specialty Health

Paul E Di Cesare, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American College of Surgeons

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Vinod K Panchbhavi, MD, FACS, FAOA, FABOS, FAAOS Professor, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chief, Division of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Director, Foot and Ankle Fellowship Program, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch School of Medicine

Vinod K Panchbhavi, MD, FACS, FAOA, FABOS, FAAOS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American College of Surgeons, American Orthopaedic Association, American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society, Orthopaedic Trauma Association, Texas Orthopaedic Association

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: Styker.

Additional Contributors

Jegan Krishnan, MBBS, FRACS, PhD Professor, Chair, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Flinders University of South Australia; Senior Clinical Director of Orthopedic Surgery, Repatriation General Hospital; Private Practice, Orthopaedics SA, Flinders Private Hospital

Jegan Krishnan, MBBS, FRACS, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: Australian Medical Association, Australian Orthopaedic Association, Royal Australasian College of Surgeons

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

Natalya V Bulaeva, MD, PhD, and John Baker, MD, are gratefully acknowledged for their contributions to this article.

Sections Orthopedic Surgery for Friedreich Ataxia
Overview
Presentation
DDx
Workup
Treatment
Guidelines
References

Orthopedic Surgery for Friedreich Ataxia Differential Diagnoses

Diagnostic Considerations

References

Tables

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