Adrenal Hemorrhage Questions & Answers

1. Rao RH. Bilateral massive adrenal hemorrhage. Med Clin North Am. 1995 Jan. 79 (1):107-29. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Vella A, Nippoldt TB, Morris JC 3rd. Adrenal hemorrhage: a 25-year experience at the Mayo Clinic. Mayo Clin Proc. 2001 Feb. 76(2):161-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Mehmood KT, Sharman T. Adrenal Hemorrhage. StatPearls. 2022 Jan. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

4. Shah HR, Love L, Williamson MR, et al. Hemorrhagic adrenal metastases: CT findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1989 Jan-Feb. 13(1):77-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Itoh K, Yamashita K, Satoh Y, et al. MR imaging of bilateral adrenal hemorrhage. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1988 Nov-Dec. 12(6):1054-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Bhatia KS, Ismail MM, Sahdev A, et al. (123)I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy for the detection of adrenal and extra-adrenal phaeochromocytomas: CT and MRI correlation. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2008 Apr 3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Ketha S, Smithedajkul P, Vella A, Pruthi R, Wysokinski W, McBane R. Adrenal haemorrhage due to heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Thromb Haemost. 2013 Feb 7. 109(4):[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Tormos LM, Schandl CA. The Significance of Adrenal Hemorrhage: Undiagnosed Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome, A Case Series. J Forensic Sci. 2013 Mar 4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Adem PV, Montgomery CP, Husain AN, et al. Staphylococcus aureus sepsis and the Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome in children. N Engl J Med. 2005 Sep 22. 353(12):1245-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

10. Pianta M, Varma DK. Bilateral spontaneous adrenal haemorrhage complicating acute pancreatitis. Australas Radiol. 2007 Apr. 51(2):172-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Kadhem S, Ebrahem R, Munguti C, Mortada R. Spontaneous Unilateral Adrenal Hemorrhage in Pregnancy. Cureus. 2017 Jan 13. 9 (1):e977. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

12. Gutenberg A, Lange B, Gunawan B, et al. Spontaneous adrenal hemorrhage: a little-known complication of intracranial tumor surgery. Case report. J Neurosurg. 2007 Jun. 106(6):1086-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Rosenberger LH, Smith PW, Sawyer RG, Hanks JB, Adams RB, Hedrick TL. Bilateral adrenal hemorrhage: The unrecognized cause of hemodynamic collapse associated with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Crit Care Med. 2011 Apr. 39(4):833-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

14. Arnason JA, Graziano FM. Adrenal insufficiency in the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1995 Oct. 25(2):109-16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Caron P, Chabannier MH, Cambus JP, et al. Definitive adrenal insufficiency due to bilateral adrenal hemorrhage and primary antiphospholipid syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 May. 83(5):1437-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

16. Ramon I, Mathian A, Bachelot A, et al. Primary Adrenal Insufficiency Due to Bilateral Adrenal Hemorrhage-Adrenal Infarction in the Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Long-Term Outcome of 16 Patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Jun 19. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Frankel M, Feldman I, Levine M, et al. Bilateral adrenal hemorrhage in Coronavirus disease 2019 patient: A case report. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Aug 1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

18. Alvarez-Troncoso J, Zapatero Larrauri M, Montero Vega MD, et al. Case Report: COVID-19 with Bilateral Adrenal Hemorrhage. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020 Jul 17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

19. Karwacka IM, Obolonczyk L, Sworczak K. Adrenal hemorrhage: a single center experience and literature review. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2018 May. 27 (5):681-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Vasinanukorn P, Rerknimitr R, Sriussadaporn S, et al. Adrenal hemorrhage as the first presentation of hepatocellular carcinoma. Intern Med. 2007. 46(21):1779-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

21. Gavrilova-Jordan L, Edmister WB, Farrell MA, et al. Spontaneous adrenal hemorrhage during pregnancy: a review of the literature and a case report of successful conservative management. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2005 Mar. 60(3):191-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Marti JL, Millet J, Sosa JA, Roman SA, Carling T, Udelsman R. Spontaneous adrenal hemorrhage with associated masses: etiology and management in 6 cases and a review of 133 reported cases. World J Surg. 2012 Jan. 36(1):75-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Diolombi ML, Khani F, Epstein JI. Diagnostic dilemmas in enlarged and diffusely hemorrhagic adrenal glands. Hum Pathol. 2016 Jul. 53:63-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Sinelnikov AO, Abujudeh HH, Chan D, et al. CT manifestations of adrenal trauma: experience with 73 cases. Emerg Radiol. 2007 Mar. 13(6):313-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Tan GX, Sutherland T. Adrenal congestion preceding adrenal hemorrhage on CT imaging: a case series. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2016 Feb. 41 (2):303-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Rowe SP, Mathur A, Bishop JA, et al. Computed Tomography Appearance of Surgically Resected Adrenal Hematomas. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2016 Nov/Dec. 40 (6):892-895. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Piskunowicz M, Stefanowicz J, Batko T, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of adrenal hemorrhage: a helpful problem solving tool. Med Ultrason. 2022 Aug 31. 24 (3):284-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

28. Arlt W, Callies F, van Vlijmen JC, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone replacement in women with adrenal insufficiency. N Engl J Med. 1999 Sep 30. 341(14):1013-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

29. Jahangir-Hekmat M, Taylor HC, Levin H, et al. Adrenal insufficiency attributable to adrenal hemorrhage: long-term follow-up with reference to glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid function and replacement. Endocr Pract. 2004 Jan-Feb. 10(1):55-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Monticone S, Satoh F, Dietz AS, et al. Clinical Management and Outcomes of Adrenal Hemorrhage Following Adrenal Vein Sampling in Primary Aldosteronism. Hypertension. 2016 Jan. 67 (1):146-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Chatterjee C, Khan D, das S, De U. Giant adrenal hemorrhagic cyst: An unusual abdominal lump. South Asian J Cancer. 2013 Jul. 2(3):141. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

32. Taguchi T, Inoue K, Terada Y. Concentric-ring sign in adrenal hemorrhage. Endocrine. 2014 Mar 8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Schrank Y, Madeira M. Massive: hemorrhagic adrenal pseudocyst. Am J Med. 2014 May 6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Saad AF, Ford KL 3rd, Deprisco G, Smerud MJ. Adrenomegaly and septic adrenal hemorrhage (Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome) in the setting of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2013 Jul. 26(3):268-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

35. Winter AG, Ramasamy R. Bilateral adrenal hemorrhage due to heparin-induced thrombocytopenia following partial nephrectomy - a case report. F1000Res. 2014. 3:24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

36. Imga NN, Tutuncu Y, Tuna MM, Aycicek Dogan B, Berker D, Guler S. Idiopathic spontaneous adrenal hemorrhage in the third trimester of pregnancy. Case Rep Med. 2013. 2013:912494. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

37. Ohishi A, Ueno D, Ogata T. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and adrenal hemorrhage in a filipino neonate with hyperbilirubinemia. AJP Rep. 2013 May. 3(1):5-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

38. Best M, Palmer K, Jones QC, Wathen CG. Acute adrenal failure following anticoagulation with dabigatran after hip replacement and thrombolysis for massive pulmonary embolism. BMJ Case Rep. 2013 Jan 11. 2013:[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Untereiner O, Charpentier C, Grignon B, Welfringer P, Garric J, Mertes PM. Adrenal trauma: medical and surgical emergency. Emerg Med J. 2013 Apr. 30(4):329-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Lertsburapa T, Vargas D, Lambert-Messerlian G, Tantravahi U, Gundogan F, DeLaMonte S, et al. Lethal Hypoplasia and Developmental Anomalies of the Lungs in a Newborn with Intrauterine Adrenal Hemorrhage and Cerebral infarcts: A Proposed Pulmonary Disruption Sequence. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2014 Jun 27. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Kyoda Y, Tanaka T, Maeda T, Masumori N, Tsukamoto T. Adrenal hemorrhagic pseudocyst as the differential diagnosis of pheochromocytoma--a review of the clinical features in cases with radiographically diagnosed pheochromocytoma. J Endocrinol Invest. 2013 Oct. 36(9):707-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Tormos LM, Schandl CA. The significance of adrenal hemorrhage: undiagnosed Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome, a case series. J Forensic Sci. 2013 Jul. 58(4):1071-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Lattin GE Jr, Sturgill ED, Tujo CA, Marko J, Sanchez-Maldonado KW, Craig WD, et al. From the radiologic pathology archives: Adrenal tumors and tumor-like conditions in the adult: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 2014 May-Jun. 34(3):805-29. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Ruffini E, De Petris L, Zorzi G, Paoletti P, Mambelli G, Carlucci A. Two cases of neonatal adrenal hemorrhage presenting with persistent jaundice. Pediatr Med Chir. 2013 Nov-Dec. 35(6):285-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Manganaro L, Al Ansari N, Barchetti F, Saldari M, Vitturini C, Glorioso M, et al. Bilateral adrenal hemorrhage in a patient with myelodysplastic syndrome: value of MRI in the differential diagnosis. Case Rep Radiol. 2013. 2013:479836. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

46. Chronopoulos E, Nikolaou VS, Masgala A, Kaspiris A, Babis GC. Unilateral adrenal hemorrhage after total knee arthroplasty. Orthopedics. 2014 May. 37(5):e508-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Wang J, Packer CD. Acute abdominal pain after intercourse: adrenal hemorrhage as the first sign of metastatic lung cancer. Case Rep Med. 2014. 2014:612036. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

48. Ramon I, Mathian A, Bachelot A, et al. Primary adrenal insufficiency due to bilateral adrenal hemorrhage-adrenal infarction in the antiphospholipid syndrome: long-term outcome of 16 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Aug. 98(8):3179-89. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Nicholas A Tritos, MD, DSc, MMSc, FACP, FACE Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Associate in Medicine, Neuroendocrine Clinical Center, Massachusetts General Hospital

Nicholas A Tritos, MD, DSc, MMSc, FACP, FACE is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Medical Association, Endocrine Society, Massachusetts Medical Society, Pituitary Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Arthur B Chausmer, MD, PhD, FACP, FACE, FACN, CNS Professor of Medicine (Endocrinology, Adj), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; Affiliate Research Professor, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, School of Computational Sciences, George Mason University; Principal, C/A Informatics, LLC

Arthur B Chausmer, MD, PhD, FACP, FACE, FACN, CNS is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Nutrition, American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, International Society for Clinical Densitometry, American College of Endocrinology, American College of Physicians, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Medical Informatics Association, Endocrine Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

George T Griffing, MD Professor Emeritus of Medicine, St Louis University School of Medicine

George T Griffing, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Physician Leadership, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Medical Practice Executives, American College of Physicians, American Diabetes Association, American Federation for Medical Research, American Heart Association, Central Society for Clinical and Translational Research, Endocrine Society, International Society for Clinical Densitometry, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Dimitris A Papanicolaou, MD

Dimitris A Papanicolaou, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, Endocrine Society, Royal Society of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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