Primary Aldosteronism Questions & Answers

1. Rossi GP, Ragazzo F, Seccia TM, Maniero C, Barisa M, Calò LA, et al. Hyperparathyroidism can be useful in the identification of primary aldosteronism due to aldosterone-producing adenoma. Hypertension. 2012 Aug. 60(2):431-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Dluhy RG, Lifton RP. Glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1994 Jun. 23(2):285-97. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Funder JW. The genetic basis of primary aldosteronism. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2012 Apr. 14(2):120-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Choi M, Scholl UI, Yue P, et al. K+ channel mutations in adrenal aldosterone-producing adenomas and hereditary hypertension. Science. 2011 Feb 11. 331(6018):768-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

5. Young DB. Quantitative analysis of aldosterone's role in potassium regulation. Am J Physiol. 1988 Nov. 255(5 Pt 2):F811-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Moon SJ, Jang HN, Kim JH, Moon KM. Lipid Profiles in Primary Aldosteronism Compared with Essential Hypertension: Propensity-Score Matching Study. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2021 Aug 10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Haze T, Hatakeyama M, Komiya S, et al. Association of the ratio of visceral-to-subcutaneous fat volume with renal function among patients with primary aldosteronism. Hypertens Res. 2021 Aug 6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Stowasser M, Klemm SA, Tunny TJ, et al. Plasma aldosterone response to ACTH in subtypes of primary aldosteronism. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1995 Jun-Jul. 22(6-7):460-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Litchfield WR, New MI, Coolidge C, et al. Evaluation of the dexamethasone suppression test for the diagnosis of glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Nov. 82(11):3570-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

10. Mulatero P, Stowasser M, Loh KC, Fardella CE, Gordon RD, Mosso L, et al. Increased diagnosis of primary aldosteronism, including surgically correctable forms, in centers from five continents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Mar. 89(3):1045-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Kayser SC, Deinum J, de Grauw WJ, et al. Prevalence of primary aldosteronism in primary care: a cross-sectional study. Br J Gen Pract. 2018 Feb. 68 (667):e114-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

12. Born-Frontsberg E, Reincke M, Rump LC, et al. Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular comorbidities of hypokalemic and normokalemic primary aldosteronism: results of the German Conn's Registry. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Apr. 94(4):1125-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Bernini G, Galetta F, Franzoni F, Bardini M, Taurino C, Bernardini M, et al. Arterial stiffness, intima-media thickness and carotid artery fibrosis in patients with primary aldosteronism. J Hypertens. 2008 Dec. 26(12):2399-405. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Apostolopoulou K, Künzel HE, Gerum S, Merkle K, Schulz S, Fischer E, et al. Gender differences in anxiety and depressive symptoms in patients with primary hyperaldosteronism: A cross-sectional study. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2012 May 8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Mourtzinis G, Adamsson Eryd S, Rosengren A, et al. Primary aldosteronism and thyroid disorders in atrial fibrillation: A Swedish nationwide case-control study. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2018 Jan 1. 2047487318759853. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Ohno Y, Sone M, Inagaki N, et al. Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease and Its Risk Factors in Primary Aldosteronism: A Multicenter Study in Japan. Hypertension. 2018 Mar. 71 (3):530-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Cruz DN, Perazella MA. Hypertension and hypokalemia: unusual syndromes. Conn Med. 1997 Feb. 61(2):67-75. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Cesari M, Letizia C, Angeli P, Sciomer S, Rosi S, Rossi GP. Cardiac Remodeling in Patients With Primary and Secondary Aldosteronism: A Tissue Doppler Study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016 Jun. 9 (6):[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Hall JE, Granger JP, Smith MJ Jr. Role of renal hemodynamics and arterial pressure in aldosterone "escape". Hypertension. 1984. 6:1183.

20. Yokota N, Bruneau BG, Kuroski de Bold ML, et al. Atrial natriuretic factor significantly contributes to the mineralocorticoid escape phenomenon. Evidence for a guanylate cyclase-mediated pathway. J Clin Invest. 1994 Nov. 94(5):1938-46. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

21. Vallon V, Rieg T. Regulation of renal NaCl and water transport by the ATP/UTP/P2Y2 receptor system. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2011 Sep. 301(3):F463-75. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

22. Schiffrin EL, Chrétien M, Seidah NG, et al. Response of human aldosteronoma cells in culture to the N-terminal glycopeptide of pro-opiomelanocortin and gamma 3-MSH. Horm Metab Res. 1983 Apr. 15(4):181-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Wolley MJ, Stowasser M. New Advances in the Diagnostic Workup of Primary Aldosteronism. J Endocr Soc. 2017 Mar 1. 1 (3):149-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

24. [Guideline] Funder JW, Carey RM, Fardella C, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Mantero F, Stowasser M, et al. Case detection, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with primary aldosteronism: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Sep. 93(9):3266-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Quamme GA. Control of magnesium transport in the thick ascending limb. Am J Physiol. 1989 Feb. 256(2 Pt 2):F197-210. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Seiler L, Rump LC, Schulte-Mönting J, Slawik M, Borm K, Pavenstädt H, et al. Diagnosis of primary aldosteronism: value of different screening parameters and influence of antihypertensive medication. Eur J Endocrinol. 2004 Mar. 150(3):329-37. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Tzanela M, Effremidis G, Vassiliadi D, et al. The aldosterone to renin ratio in the evaluation of patients with incidentally detected adrenal masses. Endocrine. 2007 Oct. 32(2):136-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Diederich S, Mai K, Bahr V, et al. The simultaneous measurement of plasma-aldosterone- and -renin-concentration allows rapid classification of all disorders of the renin-aldosterone system. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2007 Jul. 115(7):433-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Wu VC, Chang HW, Liu KL, et al. Primary aldosteronism: diagnostic accuracy of the losartan and captopril tests. Am J Hypertens. 2009 Aug. 22(8):821-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Burton TJ, Mackenzie IS, Balan K, Koo B, Bird N, Soloviev DV, et al. Evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of (11)C-metomidate positron emission tomography (PET)-CT for lateralizing aldosterone secretion by Conn's adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Jan. 97(1):100-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Otsuka F, Otsuka-Misunaga F, Koyama S, et al. Hormonal characteristics of primary aldosteronism due to unilateral adrenal hyperplasia. J Endocrinol Invest. 1998 Sep. 21(8):531-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Stowasser M, Bachmann AW, Tunny TJ. Production of 18-oxo-cortisol in subtypes of primary aldosteronism. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1996 Jun-Jul. 23(6-7):591-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Hamlet SM, Gordon RD, Gomez-Sanchez CE, et al. Adrenal transitional zone steroids, 18-oxo and 18-hydroxycortisol, useful in the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism, are ACTH-dependent. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1988 Apr. 15(4):317-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. McAlister FA, Lewanczuk RZ. Primary hyperaldosteronism and adrenal incidentaloma: an argument for physiologic testing before adrenalectomy. Can J Surg. 1998 Aug. 41(4):299-305. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Di Martino M, Garcia Sanz I, Munoz de Nova JL, Marin Campos C, Martinez Martin M, Dominguez Gadea L. NP-59 test for preoperative localization of primary hyperaldosteronism. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2017 Feb 21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Georgiades CS, Hong K, Geschwind JF, et al. Adjunctive use of C-arm CT may eliminate technical failure in adrenal vein sampling. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2007 Sep. 18(9):1102-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Young WF, Stanson AW, Grant CS, et al. Primary aldosteronism: adrenal venous sampling. Surgery. 1996 Dec. 120(6):913-9; discussion 919-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Webb R, Mathur A, Chang R, Baid S, Nilubol N, Libutti SK, et al. What is the Best Criterion for the Interpretation of Adrenal Vein Sample Results in Patients with Primary Hyperaldosteronism?. Ann Surg Oncol. 2011 Nov 3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Dekkers T, Prejbisz A, Kool LJ, et al. Adrenal vein sampling versus CT scan to determine treatment in primary aldosteronism: an outcome-based randomised diagnostic trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016 Sep. 4 (9):739-46. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Young WF, Stanson AW, Thompson GB, et al. Role for adrenal venous sampling in primary aldosteronism. Surgery. 2004 Dec. 136(6):1227-35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Kline G, Leung A, So B, Chin A, Harvey A, Pasieka JL. Application of strict criteria in adrenal venous sampling increases the proportion of missed patients with unilateral disease who benefit from surgery for primary aldosteronism. J Hypertens. 2018 Feb 20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Naruse M, Naruse K, Yoshimoto T, et al. Dopaminergic regulation of aldosterone secretion: its pathophysiologic significance in subsets of primary aldosteronism. Hypertens Res. 1995 Jun. 18 Suppl 1:S59-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Carey RM. Primary aldosteronism. Horm Res. 2009 Jan. 71 Suppl 1:8-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Hood SJ, Taylor KP, Ashby MJ, et al. The spironolactone, amiloride, losartan, and thiazide (SALT) double-blind crossover trial in patients with low-renin hypertension and elevated aldosterone-renin ratio. Circulation. 2007 Jul 17. 116(3):268-75. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

45. Patibandla S, Heaton J, Kyaw H. Spironolactone. StatPearls. 2020 Jan. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

46. Adler GK, Murray GR, Turcu AF, et al. Primary Aldosteronism Decreases Insulin Secretion and Increases Insulin Clearance in Humans. Hypertension. 2020 Mar 16. HYPERTENSIONAHA11913922. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Ronconi V, Turchi F, Appolloni G, di Tizio V, Boscaro M, Giacchetti G. Aldosterone, Mineralocorticoid Receptor and the Metabolic Syndrome: Role of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2011 Oct 21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Minowada S, Fujimura T, Takahashi N, et al. Computed tomography-guided percutaneous acetic acid injection therapy for functioning adrenocortical adenoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Dec. 88(12):5814-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

49. Sukor N, Gordon RD, Ku YK, et al. Role of unilateral adrenalectomy in bilateral primary aldosteronism: a 22-year single center experience. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Jul. 94(7):2437-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Celen O, O'Brien MJ, Melby JC, et al. Factors influencing outcome of surgery for primary aldosteronism. Arch Surg. 1996 Jun. 131(6):646-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Waldmann J, Maurer L, Holler J, Kann PH, Ramaswamy A, Bartsch DK, et al. Outcome of surgery for primary hyperaldosteronism. World J Surg. 2011 Nov. 35(11):2422-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Letavernier E, Peyrard S, Amar L, et al. Blood pressure outcome of adrenalectomy in patients with primary hyperaldosteronism with or without unilateral adenoma. J Hypertens. 2008 Sep. 26(9):1816-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Milsom SR, Espiner EA, Nicholls MG, et al. The blood pressure response to unilateral adrenalectomy in primary aldosteronism. Q J Med. 1986 Dec. 61(236):1141-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Giacchetti G, Turchi F, Boscaro M, Ronconi V. Management of primary aldosteronism: its complications and their outcomes after treatment. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2009 Apr. 7(2):244-49. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Pan CT, Liao CW, Tsai CH, et al. Influence of Different Treatment Strategies on New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation Among Patients With Primary Aldosteronism: A Nationwide Longitudinal Cohort-Based Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020 Mar 3. 9 (5):e013699. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

56. Amar L, Baguet JP, Bardet S, et al. SFE/SFHTA/AFCE primary aldosteronism consensus: Introduction and handbook. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2016 Jun 14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

57. Baguet JP, Steichen O, Mounier-Vehier C, Gosse P. SFE/SFHTA/AFCE consensus on primary aldosteronism, part 1: Epidemiology of PA, who should be screened for sporadic PA?. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2016 Apr 15. 86 (20):1002-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

58. Douillard C, Houillier P, Nussberger J, Girerd X. SFE/SFHTA/AFCE Consensus on Primary Aldosteronism, part 2: First diagnostic steps. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2016 May 10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

59. Reznik Y, Amar L, Tabarin A. SFE/SFHTA/AFCE consensus on primary aldosteronism, part 3: Confirmatory testing. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2016 Jun 15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

60. Bardet S, Chamontin B, Douillard C, et al. SFE/SFHTA/AFCE consensus on primary aldosteronism, part 4: Subtype diagnosis. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2016 Mar 29. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

61. Zennaro MC, Jeunemaitre X. SFE/SFHTA/AFCE consensus on primary aldosteronism, part 5: Genetic diagnosis of primary aldosteronism. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2016 Jun 14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

62. Steichen O, Amar L, Chaffanjon P, Kraimps JL, Menegaux F, Zinzindohoue F. SFE/SFHTA/AFCE consensus on primary aldosteronism, part 6: Adrenal surgery. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2016 Jun 10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

63. Pechère-Bertschi A, Herpin D, Lefebvre H. SFE/SFHTA/AFCE consensus on primary aldosteronism, part 7: Medical treatment of primary aldosteronism. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2016 Jun 14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

64. [Guideline] Funder JW, Carey RM, Mantero F, et al. The Management of Primary Aldosteronism: Case Detection, Diagnosis, and Treatment: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 May. 101 (5):1889-916. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

65. [Guideline] Romero DG, Yanes Cardozo LL. Clinical Practice Guideline for Management of Primary Aldosteronism: What is New in the 2016 Update?. Int J Endocrinol Metab Disord. 2016. 2 (3):[QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

Gabriel I Uwaifo, MD Associate Professor, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Louisiana State University School of Medicine in New Orleans; Adjunct Professor, Joint Program on Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Pennington Biomedical Research Center in Baton Rouge

Gabriel I Uwaifo, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Diabetes Association, American Medical Association, American Society of Hypertension, Endocrine Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Nicholas J Sarlis, MD, PhD, FACP Head of Medical Content, Amplity Health

Nicholas J Sarlis, MD, PhD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Cancer Research, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Endocrinology, American College of Physicians, American Federation for Medical Research, American Head and Neck Society, American Medical Association, American Society for Radiation Oncology, American Society of Clinical Oncology, American Thyroid Association, Association for Psychological Science, Endocrine Society, European Society for Medical Oncology, New York Academy of Sciences, Royal Society of Medicine

Disclosure: Received salary from Incyte Corporation for employment; Received ownership interest from Sanofi-Aventis for previous employment; Received ownership interest/ stock & stock option (incl. rsu) holder from Incyte Corporation for employment.

Romesh Khardori, MD, PhD, FACP (Retired) Professor, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School

Romesh Khardori, MD, PhD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Physicians, American Diabetes Association, Endocrine Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Arthur B Chausmer, MD, PhD, FACP, FACE, FACN, CNS, Professor of Medicine (Endocrinology, Adj), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; Affiliate Research Professor, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, School of Computational Sciences, George Mason University; Principal, C/A Informatics, LLC

Arthur B Chausmer, MD, PhD, FACP, FACE, FACN, CNS is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Endocrinology, American College of Nutrition, American College of Physician Executives, American College of Physicians, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Medical Informatics Association, American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, American Society of Law, Medicine &Ethics, Endocrine Society, and International Society for Clinical Densitometry

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Serge A Jabbour, MD Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University

Serge A Jabbour, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Diabetes Association, American Medical Association, American Thyroid Association, Endocrine Society, and Pennsylvania Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

Frederick H Ziel, MD Associate Professor of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine; Physician-In-Charge, Endocrinology/Diabetes Center, Director of Medical Education, Kaiser Permanente Woodland Hills; Chair of Endocrinology, Co-Chair of Diabetes Complete Care Program, Southern California Permanente Medical Group

Frederick H Ziel, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Endocrinology, American College of Physicians, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Diabetes Association, American Federation for Medical Research, American Medical Association, American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, California Medical Association, Endocrine Society, andInternational Society for Clinical Densitometry

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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