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Media Gallery

Diagram illustrating the layout of the bell flap. Note the triangles excised between the "handle" and the "bell" of the flap to allow for easier folding.
Diagram illustrating the layout of the skate flap. D is the diameter of the contralateral nipple, and the total length of the flap is twice the height (projection) of the contralateral nipple.
Diagram illustrating the layout of the double opposing tab flap. Note that the minimum recommended base width for the tabs is 18 mm. The 2 tabs are elevated and rotated to face each other as if 2 hands were joined in prayer.
Intraoperative sequence of nipple reconstruction with the bell flap: initial layout and dissection of the flap.
Intraoperative sequence of nipple reconstruction with the bell flap: elevation and initial apposition of the flap.
Intraoperative sequence of nipple reconstruction with the bell flap: final reconstruction.
Diagram illustrating the layout of modified star flap for nipple reconstruction. D is the diameter of the contralateral nipple. The 2 lateral arms wrap around to form a cylindrical structure and the central arm provides the top.
Intraoperative photograph of a nipple reconstruction using modified star flap. The 3-arm donor sites are closed primarily.
Postoperative photograph of the same patient.

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Author

Yoon Sun Chun, MD Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School; Associate Surgeon, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Staff Surgeon, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faulkner Hospital

Yoon Sun Chun, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Medical Association, American Society of Plastic Surgeons, Massachusetts Medical Society, Association of Women Surgeons, Johns Hopkins Medical and Surgical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Chief Editor

James Neal Long, MD, FACS Founder of Magnolia Plastic Surgery; Former Associate Professor of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Children's Hospital and Kirklin Clinics, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine; Section Chief of Plastic, Reconstructive, Hand, and Microsurgery, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center

James Neal Long, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, American Society of Plastic Surgeons, Plastic Surgery Research Council, Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor Society, Southeastern Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons, Southeastern Surgical Congress

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Additional Contributors

Dennis P Orgill, MD, PhD Professor of Surgery, Harvard Medical School; Assistant in Surgery (Plastic Surgery), Boston Children's Hospital

Dennis P Orgill, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Plastic Surgeons, American College of Surgeons, American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering, American Society for Reconstructive Microsurgery, American Society of Plastic Surgeons, Association of Academic Chairmen in Plastic Surgery, Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundation, Plastic Surgery Research Council, Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine International Society, Wound Healing Society

Disclosure: Received consulting fee from Integra LifeSciences, Inc for consulting; Received consulting fee from Integra LifeSciences, Inc. for program and training services agreement; Received grant/research funds from Integra LifeSciences, Inc. for clinical research; Received grant/research funds from KCI for basic science research; Received grant/research funds from KCI for clinical research; Received consulting fee from DSM for consulting; Received consulting fee from Musculoskeletal Transplant Foundatio.

Pankaj Tiwari, MD Assistant Professor, Division of Plastic Surgery, Ohio State University College of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Nipple-Areola Reconstruction Questions & Answers

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