Perforator Flap Breast Reconstruction Questions & Answers

1. Ben Aziz M, Rose J. Breast Reconstruction Perforator Flaps. StatPearls. 2021 Jan. [Medline]. [Full Text].

2. Hartrampf CR, Scheflan M, Black PW. Breast reconstruction with a transverse abdominal island flap. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1982 Feb. 69(2):216-25. [Medline].

3. Koshima I, Soeda S. Inferior epigastric artery skin flaps without rectus abdominis muscle. Br J Plast Surg. 1989 Nov. 42(6):645-8. [Medline].

4. Koshima I, Moriguchi T, Soeda S, et al. The gluteal perforator-based flap for repair of sacral pressure sores. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1993 Apr. 91(4):678-83. [Medline].

5. Breastcancer.org. U.S. Breast Cancer Statistics. Available at https://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/understand_bc/statistics. February 4, 2021; Accessed: June 25, 2021.

6. Dasari CR, Gunther S, Wisner DH, et al. Rise in microsurgical free-flap breast reconstruction in academic medical practices. Ann Plast Surg. 2015 May. 74 Suppl 1:S62-5. [Medline].

7. Sacher M, Kapalschinski RN, Wallner C, et al. Body mass index and abdominal wall thickness correlate with perforator caliber in free abdominal tissue transfer for breast reconstruction. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2020 Mar. 73 (3):494-500. [Medline].

8. Hakakian CS, Lockhart RA, Kulber DA, Aronowitz JA. Lateral Intercostal Artery Perforator Flap in Breast Reconstruction: A Simplified Pedicle Permits an Expanded Role. Ann Plast Surg. 2016 May. 76 Suppl 3:S184-90. [Medline].

9. Gill PS, Hunt JP, Guerra AB, et al. A 10-year retrospective review of 758 DIEP flaps for breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004 Apr 1. 113(4):1153-60. [Medline].

10. Rozen WM, Phillips TJ, Ashton MW, Stella DL, Gibson RN, Taylor GI. Preoperative imaging for DIEA perforator flaps: a comparative study of computed tomographic angiography and Doppler ultrasound. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008 Jan. 121(1):9-16. [Medline].

11. Rozen WM, Palmer KP, Suami H, et al. The DIEA branching pattern and its relationship to perforators: the importance of preoperative computed tomographic angiography for DIEA perforator flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008 Feb. 121(2):367-73. [Medline].

12. Davis CR, Jones L, Tillett RL, Richards H, Wilson SM. Predicting venous congestion before DIEP breast reconstruction by identifying atypical venous connections on preoperative CTA imaging. Microsurgery. 2019 Jan. 39 (1):24-31. [Medline]. [Full Text].

13. Bottero L, Lefaucheur JP, Fadhul S, Raulo Y, Collins ED, Lantieri L. Electromyographic assessment of rectus abdominis muscle function after deep inferior epigastric perforator flap surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004 Jan. 113(1):156-61. [Medline].

14. Craigie JE, Allen RJ, DellaCroce FJ, Sullivan SK. Autogenous breast reconstruction with the deep inferior epigastric perforator flap. Clin Plast Surg. 2003 Jul. 30(3):359-69. [Medline].

15. Blondeel N, Vanderstraeten GG, Monstrey SJ, et al. The donor site morbidity of free DIEP flaps and free TRAM flaps for breast reconstruction. Br J Plast Surg. 1997 Jul. 50(5):322-30. [Medline].

16. Futter CM, Webster MH, Hagen S, Mitchell SL. A retrospective comparison of abdominal muscle strength following breast reconstruction with a free TRAM or DIEP flap. Br J Plast Surg. 2000 Oct. 53(7):578-83. [Medline].

17. Knox AD, Ho AL, Leung L, et al. Comparison of Outcomes following Autologous Breast Reconstruction Using the DIEP and Pedicled TRAM Flaps: A 12-Year Clinical Retrospective Study and Literature Review. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016 Jul. 138 (1):16-28. [Medline].

18. Tomita K, Yano K, Hata Y, et al. DIEP Flap Breast Reconstruction Using 3-dimensional Surface Imaging and a Printed Mold. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2015 Mar. 3(3):e316. [Medline]. [Full Text].

19. Fujino T, Harasina T, Aoyagi F. Reconstruction for aplasia of the breast and pectoral region by microvascular transfer of a free flap from the buttock. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1975 Aug. 56(2):178-81. [Medline].

20. Patel NG, Rozen WM, Chow WT, et al. Stacked and bipedicled abdominal free flaps for breast reconstruction: considerations for shaping. Gland Surg. 2016 Apr. 5 (2):115-21. [Medline]. [Full Text].

21. DellaCroce F, Sullivan S. Chimeric Stacked Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator Flap Breast Reconstruction: A New Solution to an Old Problem. J Recon Microsurg. 2007. 23:418.

22. DellaCroce FJ, Sullivan SK, Trahan C. Stacked deep inferior epigastric perforator flap breast reconstruction: a review of 110 flaps in 55 cases over 3 years. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011 Mar. 127(3):1093-9. [Medline].

23. Opsomer D, Stillaert F, Blondeel P, Van Landuyt K. The Lumbar Artery Perforator Flap in Autologous Breast Reconstruction: Initial Experience with 100 Cases. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2018 Jul. 142 (1):1e-8e. [Medline].

24. Hamdi M, Spano A, Van Landuyt K, D'Herde K, Blondeel P, Monstrey S. The lateral intercostal artery perforators: anatomical study and clinical application in breast surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008 Feb. 121(2):389-96. [Medline].

25. Chen CM, Halvorson EG, Disa JJ, et al. Immediate postoperative complications in DIEP versus free/muscle-sparing TRAM flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007 Nov. 120(6):1477-82. [Medline].

26. Sbitany H, Lentz R, Piper M. The "Dual-Plane" DIEP Flap: Measuring the Effects of Superficial Arterial and Venous Flow Augmentation on Clinical Outcomes. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2019 Jan 7. [Medline].

Frank J DellaCroce, MD Co-Director, Center for Restorative Breast Surgery

Frank J DellaCroce, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, American College of Surgeons, American Society for Reconstructive Microsurgery, American Society of Plastic Surgeons, Harris County Medical Society, Louisiana State Medical Society, Texas Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Scott K Sullivan, MD, FACS Co-Director, Center for Restorative Breast Surgery

Scott K Sullivan, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American Society for Reconstructive Microsurgery

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

James Neal Long, MD, FACS Founder of Magnolia Plastic Surgery; Former Associate Professor of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Children's Hospital and Kirklin Clinics, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine; Section Chief of Plastic, Reconstructive, Hand, and Microsurgery, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center

James Neal Long, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, American Society of Plastic Surgeons, Plastic Surgery Research Council, Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor Society, Southeastern Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons, Southeastern Surgical Congress

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pankaj Tiwari, MD Assistant Professor, Division of Plastic Surgery, Ohio State University College of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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