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Mimi T Chao, MD Consulting Surgeon, Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Children's Hospital Central California; Clinical Instructor Volunteer, UCSF Fresno Pediatrics Residency Program, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine

Mimi T Chao, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association, American College of Surgeons, American Society of Craniofacial Surgery, American Society of Maxillofacial Surgeons, American Society of Plastic Surgeons

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Joseph E Losee, MD, FAAP, FACS Chief, Division of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh; Director, Pittsburgh Cleft and Craniofacial Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Professor of Surgery (Plastic) and Pediatrics, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Program Director, Plastic Surgery Residency Program, Program Director, Craniofacial Fellowship, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Director, Reconstruction Transplantation Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center

Joseph E Losee, MD, FAAP, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association, American Society of Maxillofacial Surgeons, American Society of Plastic Surgeons, Pennsylvania Medical Society, Plastic Surgery Research Council, Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor Society, Allegheny County Medical Society, American Association of Pediatric Plastic Surgeons, Northeastern Society of Plastic Surgeons, Ohio Valley Society of Plastic Surgeons, American Council of Academic Plastic Surgeons, American Society of Craniofacial Surgery

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

S Anthony Wolfe, MD Chief, Division of Plastic Surgery, Miami Children's Hospital; Voluntary Professor, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine

S Anthony Wolfe, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association, American College of Surgeons, American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, American Society of Maxillofacial Surgeons, American Society of Plastic Surgeons, Florida Medical Association, Southeastern Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Jorge I de la Torre, MD, FACS Professor of Surgery and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chief, Division of Plastic Surgery, Residency Program Director, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine; Director, Center for Advanced Surgical Aesthetics

Jorge I de la Torre, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American Burn Association, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, American Society for Laser Medicine and Surgery, American Society of Maxillofacial Surgeons, American Society of Plastic Surgeons, American Society for Reconstructive Microsurgery, Association for Academic Surgery, Medical Association of the State of Alabama

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Larry Hollier, Jr, MD Assistant Professor, Department of Plastic Surgery, Baylor University College of Medicine

Larry Hollier, Jr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: AO Foundation, Alpha Omega Alpha, American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, American Society of Maxillofacial Surgeons, Phi Beta Kappa

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

The authors and editors of Medscape Reference gratefully acknowledge the contributions of previous authors Zachary Segal, MD; W Scott McDonald, MD; and Seth R Thaller, MD, DMD, FACS, FAAP to the development and writing of this article.

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