Accessory Nerve Injury Questions & Answers

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31. Lanisnik B. Different branching patterns of the spinal accessory nerve: impact on neck dissection technique and postoperative shoulder function. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2017 Apr. 25 (2):113-8. [Medline].

32. Tubbs RS, Stetler W, Louis RG Jr, Gupta AA, Loukas M, Kelly DR, et al. Surgical challenges associated with the morphology of the spinal accessory nerve in the posterior cervical triangle: functional or structural?. J Neurosurg Spine. 2010 Jan. 12(1):22-4. [Medline].

33. Hone SW, Ridha H, Rowley H, et al. Surgical landmarks of the spinal accessory nerve in modified radical neck dissection. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 2001 Feb. 26(1):16-8. [Medline].

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43. Gordon SL, Graham WP 3rd, Black JT, et al. Acessory nerve function after surgical procedures in the posterior triangle. Arch Surg. 1977 Mar. 112(3):264-8. [Medline].

44. Kizilay A, Kalcioglu MT, Saydam L, et al. A new shoulder orthosis for paralysis of the trapezius muscle after radical neck dissection: a preliminary report. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2006 May. 263(5):477-80. [Medline].

45. Akgun K, Aktas I, Uluc K. Conservative treatment for late-diagnosed spinal accessory nerve injury. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2008 Dec. 87(12):1015-21. [Medline].

46. McGarvey AC, Hoffman GR, Osmotherly PG, et al. Maximizing shoulder function after accessory nerve injury and neck dissection surgery: A multicenter randomized controlled trial. Head Neck. 2014 Jul 11. [Medline].

47. Osgaard O, Eskesen V, Rosenørn J. Microsurgical repair of iatrogenic accessory nerve lesions in the posterior triangle of the neck. Acta Chir Scand. 1987 Mar. 153(3):171-3. [Medline].

48. Weisberger EC, Kincaid J, Riteris J. Cable grafting of the spinal accessory nerve after radical neck dissection. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1998 Apr. 124(4):377-80. [Medline].

49. Maldonado AA, Spinner RJ. Lateral pectoral nerve transfer for spinal accessory nerve injury. J Neurosurg Spine. 2017 Jan. 26 (1):112-5. [Medline].

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53. Ducic I, Maloney CT Jr, Dellon AL. Reconstruction of the spinal accessory nerve with autograft or neurotube? Two case reports. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2005 Jan. 21(1):29-33; discussion 34. [Medline].

54. den Dunnen WF, van der Lei B, Schakenraad JM, et al. Poly(DL-lactide-epsilon-caprolactone) nerve guides perform better than autologous nerve grafts. Microsurgery. 1996. 17(7):348-57. [Medline].

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58. Donner TR, Kline DG. Extracranial spinal accessory nerve injury. Neurosurgery. 1993 Jun. 32(6):907-10; discussion 911. [Medline].

59. Kraus DH, Rosenberg DB, Davidson BJ, et al. Supraspinal accessory lymph node metastases in supraomohyoid neck dissection. Am J Surg. 1996 Dec. 172(6):646-9. [Medline].

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62. Park SH, Esquenazi Y, Kline DG, Kim DH. Surgical outcomes of 156 spinal accessory nerve injuries caused by lymph node biopsy procedures. J Neurosurg Spine. 2015 Oct. 23 (4):518-25. [Medline].

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64. Lanisnik B, Zitnik L, Levart P, Zargi M, Rodi Z. The impact on post-operative shoulder function of intraoperative nerve monitoring of cranial nerve XI during modified radical neck dissection. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2016 Dec. 273 (12):4445-51. [Medline].

65. Birinci Y, Genc A, Ecevit MC, et al. Spinal Accessory Nerve Monitoring and Clinical Outcome Results of Nerve-Sparing Neck Dissections. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014 Aug. 151 (2):253-9. [Medline].

66. McGarvey AC, Hoffman GR, Osmotherly PG, Chiarelli PE. Intra-operative monitoring of the spinal accessory nerve: a systematic review. J Laryngol Otol. 2014 Sep. 128 (9):746-51. [Medline].

67. Barber B, Seikaly H, Ming Chan K, et al. Intraoperative Brief Electrical Stimulation of the Spinal Accessory Nerve (BEST SPIN) for prevention of shoulder dysfunction after oncologic neck dissection: a double-blinded, randomized controlled trial. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2018 Jan 23. 47 (1):7. [Medline]. [Full Text].

Rohan R Walvekar, MD Clinical Professor, Mervin L Trail Endowed Chair in Head and Neck Oncology, Director, Salivary Endoscopy Service, Co-Director, ENT Service, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center

Rohan R Walvekar, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Head and Neck Society, Association of Otolaryngologists of India

Disclosure: Received royalty from Hood Laboratories for consulting; Received consulting fee from Cook Industries for consulting; Received consulting fee from Medtronic Xomed for consulting.

Neelam P Phalke, MD Resident Physician, Department of Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center

Neelam P Phalke, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, American Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Ted L Tewfik, MD Professor of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Professor of Pediatric Surgery, McGill University Faculty of Medicine; Senior Staff, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal General Hospital, and Royal Victoria Hospital

Ted L Tewfik, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Canadian Society of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Arlen D Meyers, MD, MBA Professor of Otolaryngology, Dentistry, and Engineering, University of Colorado School of Medicine

Arlen D Meyers, MD, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, American Head and Neck Society

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant or trustee for: Cerescan;Cliexa, eMedevents, Neosoma, MI10<br/>Received income in an amount equal to or greater than $250 from: , Cliexa;;Neosoma<br/> Received stock from RxRevu; Received ownership interest from Cerescan for consulting; for: Neosoma, eMedevents, MI10.

Jaime R Garza, MD, DDS, FACS Consulting Staff, Private Practice

Jaime R Garza, MD, DDS, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, American College of Surgeons, American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, American Society of Maxillofacial Surgeons, Texas Medical Association, Texas Society of Plastic Surgeons

Disclosure: Received none from Allergan for speaking and teaching; Received none from LifeCell for consulting; Received grant/research funds from GID, Inc. for other.

Kristin B Gendron, MD Consulting Staff, Midwest ENT Specialists

Kristin B Gendron, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Ryan J Li, MD Resident Physician, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Health System

Ryan J Li, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, Christian Medical and Dental Associations

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Duncan Hanby, MD Resident Physician, Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University School of Medicine

Duncan Hanby, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, American Head and Neck Society, American Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

The author would like to thank Dr. A.K. D’Cruz, MS, DNB, Professor and Chairman, Head/Neck Surgery, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India, for Image 7, and Dr. Umamaheshwar Duvvuri, MD, PhD, Fellow, Head/Neck Surgery, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, for Image 8.

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