Allergic Rhinitis Questions & Answers

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2. Togias AG. Systemic immunologic and inflammatory aspects of allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000 Nov. 106(5 Suppl):S247-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Blaiss MS. Quality of life in allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1999 Nov. 83(5):449-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Thompson AK, Juniper E, Meltzer EO. Quality of life in patients with allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2000 Nov. 85(5):338-47; quiz 347-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Meltzer EO, Bukstein DA. The economic impact of allergic rhinitis and current guidelines for treatment. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. Feb 2011. 106(2 Suppl):S12-16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Skoner DP. Allergic rhinitis: definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, detection, and diagnosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001 Jul. 108(1 Suppl):S2-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Walls AF, He S, Buckley MG, McEuen AR. Roles of the mast cell and basophil in asthma. Clin Exp Allergy. 2001. 1:68.

8. Haberal I, Corey JP. The role of leukotrienes in nasal allergy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003 Sep. 129(3):274-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Iwasaki M, Saito K, Takemura M, Sekikawa K, Fujii H, Yamada Y. TNF-alpha contributes to the development of allergic rhinitis in mice. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003 Jul. 112(1):134-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Cates EC, Gajewska BU, Goncharova S, Alvarez D, Fattouh R, Coyle AJ. Effect of GM-CSF on immune, inflammatory, and clinical responses to ragweed in a novel mouse model of mucosal sensitization. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003 May. 111(5):1076-86. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Salib RJ, Kumar S, Wilson SJ, Howarth PH. Nasal mucosal immunoexpression of the mast cell chemoattractants TGF-beta, eotaxin, and stem cell factor and their receptors in allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004 Oct. 114(4):799-806. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Hansen I, Klimek L, Mosges R, Hormann K. Mediators of inflammation in the early and the late phase of allergic rhinitis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004 Jun. 4(3):159-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Villarroel MA, Blackwell DL, Jen A. Tables of Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: 2018 National Health Interview Survey. CDC National Center for Health Statistics. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/SHS/tables.htm. 2019; Accessed: May 5, 2021.

14. World Allergy Organization (WAO). Pawanker R, Canonica GW, Holgate ST, Lockey RF, Blaiss MS. White Book on Allergy: Update 2013. Milwaukee, WI: World Allergy Organization; 2013. [Full Text].

15. Björkstén B, Clayton T, Ellwood P, Stewart A, Strachan D, ISAAC Phase III Study Group. Worldwide time trends for symptoms of rhinitis and conjunctivitis: Phase III of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2008 Mar. 19 (2):110-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Heinrich J, Richter K, Frye C, Meyer I, Wölke G, Wjst M, et al. [European Community Respiratory Health Survey in Adults (ECRHS)]. Pneumologie. 2002 May. 56 (5):297-303. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Nihlen U, Greiff L, Montnemery P, Lofdahl CG, Johannisson A, Persson C. Incidence and remission of self-reported allergic rhinitis symptoms in adults. Allergy. 2006 Nov. 61(11):1299-304. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Sly RM. Changing prevalence of allergic rhinitis and asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1999 Mar. 82(3):233-48; quiz 248-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Von Mutius E, Weiland SK, Fritzsch C, et al. Increasing prevalence of hay fever and atopy among children in Leipzig, East Germany. Lancet. 1998. 351:862.

20. Romano-Zelekha O, Graif Y, Garty BZ, Livne I, Green MS, Shohat T. Trends in the prevalence of asthma symptoms and allergic diseases in Israeli adolescents: results from a national survey 2003 and comparison with 1997. J Asthma. 2007 Jun. 44(5):365-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Lima RG, Pastorino AC, Casagrande RR, et al. Prevalence of asthma, rhinitis and eczema in 6 - 7 years old students from the western districts of Sao Paulo City, using the standardized questionnaire of the "International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood" (ISAAC)-phase IIIB. Clinics. 2007. 62:225.

22. Aït-Khaled N, Pearce N, Anderson HR, Ellwood P, Montefort S, Shah J, et al. Global map of the prevalence of symptoms of rhinoconjunctivitis in children: The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase Three. Allergy. 2009 Jan. 64 (1):123-48. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Watson WT, Becker AB, Simons FE. Treatment of allergic rhinitis with intranasal corticosteroids in patients with mild asthma: effect on lower airway responsiveness. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1993 Jan. 91(1 Pt 1):97-101. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Meltzer EO, Grant JA. Impact of cetirizine on the burden of allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1999 Nov. 83(5):455-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Nayak AS. The asthma and allergic rhinitis link. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2003 Nov-Dec. 24(6):395-402. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Kiyohara C, Tanaka K, Miyake Y. Genetic susceptibility to atopic dermatitis. Allergol Int. 2008 Mar. 57(1):39-56. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Fireman P. Otitis media and eustachian tube dysfunction: connection to allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997 Feb. 99(2):S787-97. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. McColley SA, Carroll JL, Curtis S, Loughlin GM, Sampson HA. High prevalence of allergic sensitization in children with habitual snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. Chest. 1997 Jan. 111(1):170-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Craig TJ, Teets S, Lehman EB, Chinchilli VM, Zwillich C. Nasal congestion secondary to allergic rhinitis as a cause of sleep disturbance and daytime fatigue and the response to topical nasal corticosteroids. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998 May. 101(5):633-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Dykewicz MS, Fineman S, Skoner DP, Nicklas R, Lee R, Blessing-Moore J. Diagnosis and management of rhinitis: complete guidelines of the Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters in Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1998 Nov. 81(5 Pt 2):478-518. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Management of Alllergic and Nonallergic rhinitis. May 2002. AHQR publication 02:E023, Boston, MA. Summary, Evidence Report/Technology Assessment: No 54. http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/rhinsum.htm. Last accessed August 3, 2007.

32. Settipane RA. Demographics and epidemiology of allergic and nonallergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2001 Jul-Aug. 22(4):185-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Bousquet J, Van Cauwenberge P, Khaltaev N, Aria Workshop Group., World Health Organization. Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001 Nov. 108 (5 Suppl):S147-334. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Banov CH, Lieberman P,. Efficacy of azelastine nasal spray in the treatment of vasomotor (perennial nonallergic) rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2001 Jan. 86(1):28-35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Colás C, Galera H, Añibarro B, Soler R, Navarro A, Jáuregui I, et al. Disease severity impairs sleep quality in allergic rhinitis (The SOMNIAAR study). Clin Exp Allergy. 2012 Jan 18. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Li Z, Celestin J, Lockey RF. Pediatric Sleep Apnea Syndrome: An Update. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2016 Sep-Oct. 4 (5):852-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Kalpaklioğlu AF, Kavut AB, Ekici M. Allergic and nonallergic rhinitis: the threat for obstructive sleep apnea. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2009 Jul. 103 (1):20-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Craig TJ, McCann JL, Gurevich F, Davies MJ. The correlation between allergic rhinitis and sleep disturbance. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004 Nov. 114 (5 Suppl):S139-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Tsai JD, Chang SN, Mou CH, Sung FC, Lue KH. Association between atopic diseases and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in childhood: a population-based case-control study. Ann Epidemiol. 2013 Apr. 23(4):185-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Torres-Borrego J, Molina-Teran AB, Montes-Mendoza C. Prevalence and associated factors of allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis in children. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2008 Mar-Apr. 36(2):90-100. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Frew AJ. Advances in environmental and occupational diseases 2003. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004 Jun. 113(6):1161-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Boulet LP, Turcotte H, Laprise C, Lavertu C, Bedard PM, Lavoie A. Comparative degree and type of sensitization to common indoor and outdoor allergens in subjects with allergic rhinitis and/or asthma. Clin Exp Allergy. 1997 Jan. 27(1):52-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Fornadley JA, Corey JP, Osguthorpe JD, Powell JP, Emanuel IA, Boyles JH. Allergic rhinitis: clinical practice guideline. Committee on Practice Standards, American Academy of Otolaryngic Allergy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1996 Jul. 115(1):115-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Hadley JA. Evaluation and management of allergic rhinitis. Med Clin North Am. 1999 Jan. 83(1):13-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Vazquez-Nava F, Quezada-Castillo JA, Oviedo-Trevino S, Saldivar-Gonzalez AH, Sanchez-Nuncio HR, Beltran-Guzman FJ. Association between allergic rhinitis, bottle feeding, non-nutritive sucking habits, and malocclusion in the primary dentition. Arch Dis Child. 2006 Oct. 91(10):836-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Siracusa A, Desrosiers M, Marabini A. Epidemiology of occupational rhinitis: prevalence, aetiology and determinants. Clin Exp Allergy. 2000 Nov. 30(11):1519-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Gelber LE, Seltzer LH, Bouzoukis JK, Pollart SM, Chapman MD, Platts-Mills TA. Sensitization and exposure to indoor allergens as risk factors for asthma among patients presenting to hospital. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993 Mar. 147(3):573-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Kang B, Vellody D, Homburger H, Yunginger JW. Cockroach cause of allergic asthma. Its specificity and immunologic profile. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1979 Feb. 63(2):80-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Eggleston PA, Ansari AA, Ziemann B, Adkinson NF Jr, Corn M. Occupational challenge studies with laboratory workers allergic to rats. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1990 Jul. 86(1):63-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Phipatanakul W, Eggleston PA, Wright EC, Wood RA,. Mouse allergen. II. The relationship of mouse allergen exposure to mouse sensitization and asthma morbidity in inner-city children with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000 Dec. 106(6):1075-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Matsui EC, Simons E, Rand C, Butz A, Buckley TJ, Breysse P. Airborne mouse allergen in the homes of inner-city children with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005 Feb. 115(2):358-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Gendo K, Larson EB. Evidence-based diagnostic strategies for evaluating suspected allergic rhinitis. Ann Intern Med. 2004 Feb 17. 140(4):278-89. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Platts-Mills TA. Allergen avoidance. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004 Mar. 113(3):388-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Morgan WJ, Crain EF, Gruchalla RS, O'Connor GT, Kattan M, Evans R 3rd. Results of a home-based environmental intervention among urban children with asthma. N Engl J Med. 2004 Sep 9. 351(11):1068-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. McDonald LG, Tovey E. The role of water temperature and laundry procedures in reducing house dust mite populations and allergen content of bedding. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1992 Oct. 90(4 Pt 1):599-608. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Miller JD, Miller A. Ten minutes in a clothes dryer kills all mites in blankets. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1996. 97:423.

57. Korsgaard J. House-dust mites and absolute indoor humidity. Allergy. 1983 Feb. 38(2):85-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. de Blay F, Chapman MD, Platts-Mills TA. Airborne cat allergen (Fel d I). Environmental control with the cat in situ [see comments]. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991. 143:1334.

59. Weber RW. Immunotherapy with allergens. JAMA. 1997 Dec 10. 278(22):1881-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

60. Li JT. Immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2000. 20:383.

61. Leynadier F, Banoun L, Dollois B, Terrier P, Epstein M, Guinnepain MT. Immunotherapy with a calcium phosphate-adsorbed five-grass-pollen extract in seasonal rhinoconjunctivitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clin Exp Allergy. 2001 Jul. 31(7):988-96. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

62. Walker SM, Pajno GB, Lima MT, Wilson DR, Durham SR. Grass pollen immunotherapy for seasonal rhinitis and asthma: a randomized, controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001 Jan. 107(1):87-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

63. Ewbank PA, Murray J, Sanders K, Curran-Everett D, Dreskin S, Nelson HS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled immunotherapy dose-response study with standardized cat extract. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003 Jan. 111(1):155-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

64. Nanda A, O'connor M, Anand M, Dreskin SC, Zhang L, Hines B. Dose dependence and time course of the immunologic response to administration of standardized cat allergen extract. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004 Dec. 114(6):1339-44. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

65. Bozek A, Ignasiak B, Filipowska B, Jarzab J. House dust mite sublingual immunotherapy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in elderly patients with allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2013 Feb. 43(2):242-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

66. Virchow JC, Backer V, Kuna P, Prieto L, Nolte H, Villesen HH, et al. Efficacy of a House Dust Mite Sublingual Allergen Immunotherapy Tablet in Adults With Allergic Asthma: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2016 Apr 26. 315 (16):1715-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

67. FDA OKs Oralair, First US Sublingual Allergy Immunotherapy. Medscape. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/822975. Accessed: April 4, 2014.

68. Grastek [package insert]. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck & Co, Inc. April 2014. Available at [Full Text].

69. Maloney J, Bernstein DI, Nelson H, Creticos P, Hébert J, Noonan M, et al. Efficacy and safety of grass sublingual immunotherapy tablet, MK-7243: a large randomized controlled trial. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2014 Feb. 112(2):146-153.e2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

70. Nolte H, Hébert J, Berman G, Gawchik S, White M, Kaur A, et al. Randomized controlled trial of ragweed allergy immunotherapy tablet efficacy and safety in North American adults. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2013 Jun. 110(6):450-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

71. Nolte H, Bernstein DI, Nelson HS, Ellis AK, Kleine-Tebbe J, Lu S. Efficacy and Safety of Ragweed SLIT-Tablet in Children with Allergic Rhinoconjunctivitis in a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020 Apr. 8(7):322-2331. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

72. Nolte H, Bernstein DI, Nelson HS, Kleine-Tebbe J, Sussman GL, Seitzberg D, et al. Efficacy of house dust mite sublingual immunotherapy tablet in North American adolescents and adults in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016 Dec. 138 (6):1631-1638. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

73. Di Bona D, Plaia A, Leto-Barone MS, La Piana S, Di Lorenzo G. Efficacy of subcutaneous and sublingual immunotherapy with grass allergens for seasonal allergic rhinitis: A meta-analysis-based comparison. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012 Sep 26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

74. Chhabra N, Houser SM. The surgical management of allergic rhinitis. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2011 Jun. 44 (3):779-95, xi. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

75. Gunhan K, Unlu H, Yuceturk AV, Songu M. Intranasal steroids or radiofrequency turbinoplasty in persistent allergic rhinitis: effects on quality of life and objective parameters. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2011 Jun. 268 (6):845-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

76. Di Rienzo Businco L, Di Rienzo Businco A, Ventura L, Laurino S, Lauriello M. Turbinoplasty with quantic molecular resonance in the treatment of persistent moderate-severe allergic rhinitis: Comparative analysis of efficacy. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2014 Mar-Apr. 28 (2):164-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

77. De Corso E, Bastanza G, Di Donfrancesco V, Guidi ML, Morelli Sbarra G, Passali GC, et al. Radiofrequency volumetric inferior turbinate reduction: long-term clinical results. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2016 Jun. 36 (3):199-205. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

78. Lin HC, Lin PW, Friedman M, Chang HW, Su YY, Chen YJ, et al. Long-term results of radiofrequency turbinoplasty for allergic rhinitis refractory to medical therapy. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010 Sep. 136 (9):892-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

79. Dykewicz MS, Wallace DV, Amrol DJ, Baroody FM, Bernstein JA, Craig TJ, et al. Rhinitis 2020: A practice parameter update. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020 Oct. 146 (4):721-767. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

80. Seidman MD, Gurgel RK, Lin SY, Schwartz SR, Baroody FM, et al. Clinical practice guideline: Allergic rhinitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2015 Feb. 152 (1 Suppl):S1-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

81. Henderson, D. New Guidelines for Allergic Rhinitis Released. Medscape Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/839130. Accessed: February 9, 2015.

82. Meltzer EO. Performance effects of antihistamines. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1990 Oct. 86(4 Pt 2):613-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

83. Vacchiano C, Moore J, Rice GM, Crawley G. Fexofenadine effects on cognitive performance in aviators at ground level and simulated altitude. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2008 Aug. 79(8):754-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

84. Newer antihistamines. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2001 Apr 30. 43(1103):35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

85. De Weck AL, Derer T, Bahre M. Investigation of the anti-allergic activity of azelastine on the immediate and late-phase reactions to allergens and histamine using telethermography. Clin Exp Allergy. 2000 Feb. 30(2):283-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

86. Lee TA, Pickard AS. Meta-analysis of azelastine nasal spray for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Pharmacotherapy. 2007 Jun. 27(6):852-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

87. Berger W, Hampel F Jr, Bernstein J, Shah S, Sacks H, Meltzer EO. Impact of azelastine nasal spray on symptoms and quality of life compared with cetirizine oral tablets in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006 Sep. 97(3):375-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

88. Chervinsky P, Philip G, Malice MP, Bardelas J, Nayak A, Marchal JL. Montelukast for treating fall allergic rhinitis: effect of pollen exposure in 3 studies. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2004 Mar. 92(3):367-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

89. Perry TT, Corren J, Philip G, Kim EH, Conover-Walker MK, Malice MP. Protective effect of montelukast on lower and upper respiratory tract responses to short-term cat allergen exposure. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2004 Nov. 93(5):431-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

90. Patel P, Philip G, Yang W, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of montelukast for treating perennial allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2005 Dec. 95(6):551-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

91. Nayak A, Langdon RB. Montelukast in the treatment of allergic rhinitis: an evidence-based review. Drugs. 2007. 67(6):887-901. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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93. Verster JC, Volkerts ER. Antihistamines and driving ability: evidence from on-the-road driving studies during normal traffic. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2004 Mar. 92(3):294-303; quiz 303-5, 355. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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108. Dykewicz MS, Wallace DV, Baroody F, Bernstein J, Craig T, et al. Treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis: An evidence-based focused 2017 guideline update. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2017 Nov 2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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Tiffany Jean, MD Assistant Clinical Professor, Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, University of California Irvine Medical Center

Tiffany Jean, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology, American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Ahdad Ziyar, MD Fellow, Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, University of California Irvine Medical Center

Ahdad Ziyar, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, American College of Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Stephen C Dreskin, MD, PhD Professor of Medicine, Departments of Internal Medicine, Director of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology Practice, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center

Stephen C Dreskin, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, Clinical Immunology Society, Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, American Association of Immunologists

Disclosure: Received consulting fee from Genentech for consulting; Received grant support from NIH for research; Received consulting fee from Clinical Immunization and Safety Assessment (CISA) Network (administered by Vanderbilt University) for consulting; Received consulting fee from o Member, Medical Expert Panel, Division of Vaccine Injury Compensation (DVIC), Department of Health and Human Services. for med legal reviews; Received consulting fee from o Member, Medical Expert Panel, Vaccine Review, Pfize.

Michael A Kaliner, MD Clinical Professor of Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine; Medical Director, Institute for Asthma and Allergy

Michael A Kaliner, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology, American Association of Immunologists, American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, American Society for Clinical Investigation, American Thoracic Society, Association of American Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Javed Sheikh, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Clinical Director, Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Clinical Director, Center for Eosinophilic Disorders, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center

Javed Sheikh, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology, American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology

Disclosure: Received grant/research funds from Genentech for other.

William F Schoenwetter, MD Consultant in Allergic Diseases, Brainerd Medical Center, Brainerd, Minnesota

William F Schoenwetter, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology, American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, Minnesota Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Umer Najib, MD Clinical Research Fellow, Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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