Anaphylaxis Questions & Answers

1. Kemp SF, Lockey RF. Anaphylaxis: a review of causes and mechanisms. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002 Sep. 110(3):341-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Simons FE. Anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008 Feb. 121(2 Suppl):S402-7; quiz S420. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Braganza SC, Acworth JP, Mckinnon DR, Peake JE, Brown AF. Paediatric emergency department anaphylaxis: different patterns from adults. Arch Dis Child. 2006 Feb. 91(2):159-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

4. Johansson SG, Bieber T, Dahl R, Friedmann PS, Lanier BQ, Lockey RF, et al. Revised nomenclature for allergy for global use: Report of the Nomenclature Review Committee of the World Allergy Organization, October 2003. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004 May. 113(5):832-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Finkelman FD. Anaphylaxis: lessons from mouse models. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007 Sep. 120(3):506-15; quiz 516-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Schadt JC, Ludbrook J. Hemodynamic and neurohumoral responses to acute hypovolemia in conscious mammals. Am J Physiol. 1991 Feb. 260(2 Pt 2):H305-18. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Demetriades D, Chan LS, Bhasin P, Berne TV, Ramicone E, Huicochea F, et al. Relative bradycardia in patients with traumatic hypotension. J Trauma. 1998 Sep. 45(3):534-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Wang J, Sampson HA. Food anaphylaxis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2007 May. 37(5):651-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Osborne NJ, Koplin JJ, Martin PE, et al. Prevalence of challenge-proven IgE-mediated food allergy using population-based sampling and predetermined challenge criteria in infants. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011 Mar. 127(3):668-76.e1-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Hourihane JO'B, Kilburn SA, Nordlee JA, Hefle SL, Taylor SL, Warner JO. An evaluation of the sensitivity of subjects with peanut allergy to very low doses of peanut protein: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997 Nov. 100(5):596-600. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Decker WW, Campbell RL, Manivannan V, et al. The etiology and incidence of anaphylaxis in Rochester, Minnesota: a report from the Rochester Epidemiology Project. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008 Dec. 122(6):1161-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

12. Greenhawt MJ, Li JT, Bernstein DI, et al. Administering influenza vaccine to egg allergic recipients: a focused practice parameter update. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2011 Jan. 106(1):11-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. [Guideline] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention and control of influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011 Aug 26. 60(33):1128-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Annè S, Reisman RE. Risk of administering cephalosporin antibiotics to patients with histories of penicillin allergy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1995 Feb. 74(2):167-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Daulat S, Solensky R, Earl HS, Casey W, Gruchalla RS. Safety of cephalosporin administration to patients with histories of penicillin allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004 Jun. 113(6):1220-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Lin RY. A perspective on penicillin allergy. Arch Intern Med. 1992 May. 152(5):930-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Pichichero ME. A review of evidence supporting the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation for prescribing cephalosporin antibiotics for penicillin-allergic patients. Pediatrics. 2005 Apr. 115(4):1048-57. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Mertes PM, Malinovsky JM, Jouffroy L, et al. Reducing the risk of anaphylaxis during anesthesia: 2011 updated guidelines for clinical practice. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2011. 21(6):442-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Golden DB. Insect sting anaphylaxis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2007 May. 27(2):261-72, vii. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

20. Amin HS, Liss GM, Bernstein DI. Evaluation of near-fatal reactions to allergen immunotherapy injections. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006 Jan. 117(1):169-75. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Bernstein DI, Wanner M, Borish L, Liss GM. Twelve-year survey of fatal reactions to allergen injections and skin testing: 1990-2001. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004 Jun. 113(6):1129-36. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Lockey RF, Benedict LM, Turkeltaub PC, Bukantz SC. Fatalities from immunotherapy (IT) and skin testing (ST). J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1987 Apr. 79(4):660-77. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Greenberger PA. Idiopathic anaphylaxis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2007 May. 27(2):273-93, vii-viii. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Meggs WJ, Pescovitz OH, Metcalfe D, Loriaux DL, Cutler G Jr, Kaliner M. Progesterone sensitivity as a cause of recurrent anaphylaxis. N Engl J Med. 1984 Nov 8. 311(19):1236-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Slater JE, Raphael G, Cutler GB Jr, Loriaux DL, Meggs WJ, Kaliner M. Recurrent anaphylaxis in menstruating women: treatment with a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist--a preliminary report. Obstet Gynecol. 1987 Oct. 70(4):542-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Lieberman P. Anaphylaxis. Adkinson NF Jr, Bochner BS, Busse, WW, Holgate ST, Lemanske RF Jr, Simons FER, eds. Middleton’s Allergy: Principles and Practice. 7th. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier; 2009. 1027-49.

27. Stark BJ, Sullivan TJ. Biphasic and protracted anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1986 Jul. 78(1 Pt 1):76-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Sampson HA, Mendelson L, Rosen JP. Fatal and near-fatal anaphylactic reactions to food in children and adolescents. N Engl J Med. 1992 Aug 6. 327(6):380-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Webb LM, Lieberman P. Anaphylaxis: a review of 601 cases. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006 Jul. 97(1):39-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Boggs W. Anaphylaxis worse with antihypertensive medication. Medscape Medical News. March 21, 2013. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/781274. Accessed: April 2, 2013.

31. Lee S, Hess EP, Nestler DM, Bellamkonda Athmaram VR, Bellolio MF, Decker WW, et al. Antihypertensive medication use is associated with increased organ system involvement and hospitalization in emergency department patients with anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013 Apr. 131(4):1103-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Lieberman P. Epidemiology of anaphylaxis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008 Aug. 8(4):316-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Neugut AI, Ghatak AT, Miller RL. Anaphylaxis in the United States: an investigation into its epidemiology. Arch Intern Med. 2001 Jan 8. 161(1):15-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Bresser H, Sandner CH, Rakoski J. Anaphylactic emergencies in Munich in 1992 (abstract). J Allergy Clin Immunol. Jan 1995. 95:368.

35. Mertes PM, Laxenaire MC, Alla F. Anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions occurring during anesthesia in France in 1999-2000. Anesthesiology. 2003 Sep. 99(3):536-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Simons FE, Sampson HA. Anaphylaxis epidemic: fact or fiction?. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008 Dec. 122(6):1166-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Simons FE, Peterson S, Black CD. Epinephrine dispensing patterns for an out-of-hospital population: a novel approach to studying the epidemiology of anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002 Oct. 110(4):647-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Moneret-Vautrin DA, Morisset M, Flabbee J, Beaudouin E, Kanny G. Epidemiology of life-threatening and lethal anaphylaxis: a review. Allergy. 2005 Apr. 60(4):443-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Bock SA, Muñoz-Furlong A, Sampson HA. Fatalities due to anaphylactic reactions to foods. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001 Jan. 107(1):191-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Greenberger PA, Rotskoff BD, Lifschultz B. Fatal anaphylaxis: postmortem findings and associated comorbid diseases. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2007 Mar. 98(3):252-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Shehadi WH. Adverse reactions to intravascularly administered contrast media. A comprehensive study based on a prospective survey. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1975 May. 124(1):145-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Katayama H, Yamaguchi K, Kozuka T, Takashima T, Seez P, Matsuura K. Adverse reactions to ionic and nonionic contrast media. A report from the Japanese Committee on the Safety of Contrast Media. Radiology. 1990 Jun. 175(3):621-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Greenberger PA, Patterson R. The prevention of immediate generalized reactions to radiocontrast media in high-risk patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1991 Apr. 87(4):867-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Pumphrey RS. Fatal posture in anaphylactic shock. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003 Aug. 112(2):451-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Demuth KA, Fitzpatrick AM. Epinephrine autoinjector availability among children with food allergy. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2011 Jul. 32(4):295-300. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. [Guideline] Golden DB, Moffitt J, Nicklas RA, Freeman T, Graft DF, Reisman RE, et al. Stinging insect hypersensitivity: a practice parameter update 2011. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011 Apr. 127(4):852-4.e1-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Lieberman P, Nicklas RA, Randolph C, Oppenheimer J, Bernstein D, et al. Anaphylaxis--a practice parameter update 2015. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2015 Nov. 115 (5):341-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. [Guideline] Simons FE, Ardusso LR, Dimov V, Ebisawa M, El-Gamal YM, Lockey RF, et al. World Allergy Organization Anaphylaxis Guidelines: 2013 update of the evidence base. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2013. 162 (3):193-204. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Haymore BR, Carr WW, Frank WT. Anaphylaxis and epinephrine prescribing patterns in a military hospital: underutilization of the intramuscular route. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2005 Sep-Oct. 26(5):361-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Rosen JP. Empowering patients with a history of anaphylaxis to use an epinephrine autoinjector without fear. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006 Sep. 97(3):418. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Soller L, Fragapane J, Ben-Shoshan M, et al. Possession of epinephrine auto-injectors by Canadians with food allergies. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011 Aug. 128(2):426-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Cox L, Platts-Mills TA, Finegold I, Schwartz LB, Simons FE, Wallace DV. American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology/American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Joint Task Force Report on omalizumab-associated anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007 Dec. 120(6):1373-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Limb SL, Starke PR, Lee CE, Chowdhury BA. Delayed onset and protracted progression of anaphylaxis after omalizumab administration in patients with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007 Dec. 120(6):1378-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Cheifetz A, Smedley M, Martin S, et al. The incidence and management of infusion reactions to infliximab: a large center experience. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003 Jun. 98(6):1315-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Stallmach A, Giese T, Schmidt C, Meuer SC, Zeuzem SS. Severe anaphylactic reaction to infliximab: successful treatment with adalimumab - report of a case. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004 Jun. 16(6):627-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Commins SP, Platts-Mills TA. Anaphylaxis syndromes related to a new mammalian cross-reactive carbohydrate determinant. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009 Oct. 124(4):652-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

57. Smith PL, Kagey-Sobotka A, Bleecker ER, et al. Physiologic manifestations of human anaphylaxis. J Clin Invest. 1980 Nov. 66(5):1072-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

58. van der Linden PW, Struyvenberg A, Kraaijenhagen RJ, Hack CE, van der Zwan JK. Anaphylactic shock after insect-sting challenge in 138 persons with a previous insect-sting reaction. Ann Intern Med. 1993 Feb 1. 118(3):161-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. Brown SG, Blackman KE, Stenlake V, Heddle RJ. Insect sting anaphylaxis; prospective evaluation of treatment with intravenous adrenaline and volume resuscitation. Emerg Med J. 2004 Mar. 21(2):149-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

60. Akin C. Anaphylaxis and mast cell disease: what is the risk?. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2010 Jan. 10(1):34-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

61. Bonadonna P, Perbellini O, Passalacqua G, et al. Clonal mast cell disorders in patients with systemic reactions to Hymenoptera stings and increased serum tryptase levels. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009 Mar. 123(3):680-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

62. Rueff F, Przybilla B, Bilo MB, et al. Predictors of severe systemic anaphylactic reactions in patients with Hymenoptera venom allergy: importance of baseline serum tryptase-a study of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology Interest Group on Insect Venom Hypersensitivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009 Nov. 124(5):1047-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

63. Lin RY, Schwartz LB, Curry A, Pesola GR, Knight RJ, Lee HS, et al. Histamine and tryptase levels in patients with acute allergic reactions: An emergency department-based study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000 Jul. 106(1 Pt 1):65-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

64. Simons FE. Anaphylaxis pathogenesis and treatment. Allergy. 2011 Jul. 66 Suppl 95:31-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

65. Vadas P, Gold M, Perelman B, et al. Platelet-activating factor, PAF acetylhydrolase, and severe anaphylaxis. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jan 3. 358(1):28-35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

66. [Guideline] Boyce JA, Assa'ad A, Burks AW, Jones SM, Sampson HA, Wood RA, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of food allergy in the United States: report of the NIAID-sponsored expert panel. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010 Dec. 126(6 Suppl):S1-58. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

67. Lieberman P. Use of epinephrine in the treatment of anaphylaxis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003 Aug. 3(4):313-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

68. Sampson HA, Muñoz-Furlong A, Campbell RL, et al. Second symposium on the definition and management of anaphylaxis: summary report--second National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease/Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network symposium. Ann Emerg Med. 2006 Apr. 47(4):373-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

69. Kemp SF, Lockey RF, Simons FE. Epinephrine: the drug of choice for anaphylaxis. A statement of the World Allergy Organization. Allergy. 2008 Aug. 63(8):1061-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

70. Laidman J. Anaphylaxis requires prompt epinephrine shot. Medscape Medical News. December 3, 2014. [Full Text].

71. [Guideline] Campbell RL, Li JT, Nicklas RA, Sadosty AT. Emergency department diagnosis and treatment of anaphylaxis: a practice parameter. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2014 Dec. 113(6):599-608. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

72. Sheikh A, Shehata YA, Brown SG, Simons FE. Adrenaline for the treatment of anaphylaxis: cochrane systematic review. Allergy. 2009 Feb. 64(2):204-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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74. Choo KJ, Simons E, Sheikh A. Glucocorticoids for the treatment of anaphylaxis: Cochrane systematic review. Allergy. 2010 Oct. 65(10):1205-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

75. Thomas M, Crawford I. Best evidence topic report. Glucagon infusion in refractory anaphylactic shock in patients on beta-blockers. Emerg Med J. 2005 Apr. 22(4):272-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

76. Borish L, Tamir R, Rosenwasser LJ. Intravenous desensitization to beta-lactam antibiotics. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1987 Sep. 80(3 Pt 1):314-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

77. Kemp SF. The post-anaphylaxis dilemma: how long is long enough to observe a patient after resolution of symptoms?. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2008 Mar. 8(1):45-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

78. Simons FE. Anaphylaxis: evidence-based long-term risk reduction in the community. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2007 May. 27(2):231-48, vi-vii. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

79. Nurmatov U, Worth A, Sheikh A. Anaphylaxis management plans for the acute and long-term management of anaphylaxis: a systematic review. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008 Aug. 122(2):353-61, 361.e1-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

80. Choo K, Sheikh A. Action plans for the long-term management of anaphylaxis: systematic review of effectiveness. Clin Exp Allergy. 2007 Jul. 37(7):1090-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

81. Alrasbi M, Sheikh A. Comparison of international guidelines for the emergency medical management of anaphylaxis. Allergy. 2007 Aug. 62(8):838-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

82. Johnson K. Antibiotics common cause of perioperative anaphylaxis. Medscape Medical News. November 22, 2013. [Full Text].

S Shahzad Mustafa, MD Physician in Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Rochester General Medical Group; Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry

S Shahzad Mustafa, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology, Finger Lakes Allergy Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michael A Kaliner, MD Clinical Professor of Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine; Medical Director, Institute for Asthma and Allergy

Michael A Kaliner, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology, American Association of Immunologists, American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, American Society for Clinical Investigation, American Thoracic Society, Association of American Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Roy Alson, MD, PhD, FACEP, FAAEM Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine; Medical Director, Forsyth County EMS; Deputy Medical Advisor, North Carolina Office of EMS; Associate Medical Director, North Carolina Baptist AirCare

Roy Alson, MD, PhD, FACEP, FAAEM is a member of the following medical societies: Air Medical Physician Association, American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, National Association of EMS Physicians, North Carolina Medical Society, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, and World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Stephen C Dreskin, MD, PhD Professor of Medicine, Departments of Internal Medicine, Director of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology Practice, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center

Stephen C Dreskin, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association of Immunologists, American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, Clinical Immunology Society, and Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology

Disclosure: Genentech Consulting fee Consulting; American Health Insurance Plans Consulting fee Consulting; Johns Hopkins School of Public Health Consulting fee Consulting; Array BioPharma Consulting fee Consulting

Stephen F Kemp, MD, FACP Professor of Medicine, Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Director of Allergy and Immunology Fellowship Program, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Associate Director of Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center; Staff Physician and Consultant in Allergy and Immunology, Medical Service, G V (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center

Stephen F Kemp, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology, American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, American College of Physicians, Association of Subspecialty Professors, Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, Mississippi State Medical Association, and Southern Society for Clinical Investigation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Richard S Krause, MD Senior Clinical Faculty/Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Buffalo State University of New York School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences

Richard S Krause, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

G William Palmer, MD Consulting Staff, Shoreline Allergy and Asthma Associates

G William Palmer, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Matthew M Rice, MD, JD, FACEP Senior Vice President, Chief Medical Officer, Northwest Emergency Physicians of TeamHealth; Assistant Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine

Matthew M Rice, MD, JD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, National Association of EMS Physicians, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, and Washington State Medical Association

Disclosure: Team Health Salary Employment

Erik D Schraga, MD Staff Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mills-Peninsula Emergency Medical Associates

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

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