Sections

DDx

Diagnostic Considerations

Diagnosis requires histological confirmation of lymphoma in the presence of HIV infection. Like other lymphomas, the Ann Arbor Staging System is utilized in the staging of AIDS-related lymphomas. Of note, staging is not usually valuable for primary CNS and primary effusion lymphomas and thus is not indicated as these malignancies generally remains confined within the CNS/originating body cavity.^[29]

Some common AIDS-related lymphoma subtypes are described below.

DLBCL

As the name indicates, the common morphologic features of DLBCL are a relatively large cell size and a diffuse pattern of growth. The cells are about 4 to 5 times larger than a small lymphocyte and usually have a round, vesicular nucleus. The nucleoli are variable in number and position and the cytoplasm is pale or basophilic. The tumor cells typically express CD19, CD20 and have immunophenotypes that resemble DLBCL in the general population.

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma under low magnification showing diffuse proliferation of large atypical lymphoid cells in this lymph node specimen.

View Media Gallery

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma under high power showing cells that have moderate to abundant cytoplasm, round to irregular nuclear contour, vesicular nuclear chromatin and one to multiple nucleoli. Scattered small mature lymphocytes are seen. Green arrows = atypical lymphocytes; yellow arrows = small lymphocytes.

View Media Gallery

Burkitt Lymphoma

Burkitt lymphoma has medium-sized tumor cells with a monotonous appearance. The nuclei are round and contain multiple, centrally located nucleoli. The cytoplasm is usually mildly basophilic. The tumor has a high cell turnover, with a proliferation index close to 100 %. Benign macrophages with debris ingested from dead cells may be found within the microscopic field, giving rise to a "starry sky" pattern. Tumor cells are positive for CD20, CD10 and BCL6 but negative for BCL2.

Burkitt lymphoma under low magnification showing sheets of atypical mononuclear cells. Scattered macrophages can be seen (as demonstrated by the green arrows) giving rise to classical "starry-sky" pattern.

View Media Gallery

Burkitt lymphoma under high magnification showing sheets of atypical mononuclear cells. The cells are intermediate to large in size with scant cytoplasm, round to irregular nuclear contour, smudged chromatin and some with nucleoli. Mitosis and apoptosis are frequent with scattered macrophages giving focal "starry-sky" pattern. Green arrows = macrophages; yellow arrows = mitosis.

View Media Gallery

Plasmablastic lymphoma

Plasmablastic lymphoma forms cohesive masses and has large neoplastic cells. The malignant cells have a "squared off" appearance. The nucleus may be centrally or eccentrically placed. Tumor cells are usually positive for CD38, CD79a, CD138, MUM1, and PRDM1 and negative for CD19,20 and PAX5.

Differential Diagnoses

Infections

o Tuberculosis

o Toxoplasmosis

o Disseminated fungal infections

o Infectious mononucleosis

o Cat scratch disease

o Lymphadenopathy associated with HIV
Inflammatory conditions

o Sarcoidosis
Malignancies associated with HIV

o Kaposi sarcoma

o Cervical cancer

o Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS)

Workup

Berhan A, Bayleyegn B, Getaneh Z. HIV/AIDS Associated Lymphoma: Review. Blood Lymphat Cancer. 2022. 12:31-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Coté TR, Biggar RJ, Rosenberg PS, Devesa SS, Percy C, Yellin FJ, et al. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among people with AIDS: incidence, presentation and public health burden. AIDS/Cancer Study Group. Int J Cancer. 1997 Nov 27. 73 (5):645-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board. PDQ AIDS-Related Lymphoma Treatment. Cancer.gov. Available at https://www.cancer.gov/types/lymphoma/hp/aids-related-treatment-pdq#section/all. September 30, 2022; Accessed: November 12, 2022.
Yawetz S, Cumberland WG, van der Meyden M, Martínez-Maza O. Elevated serum levels of soluble CD23 (sCD23) precede the appearance ofacquired immunodeficiency syndrome--associated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Blood. 1995 Apr 1. 85 (7):1843-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Arvey A, Ojesina AI, Pedamallu CS, Ballon G, Jung J, Duke F, et al. The tumor virus landscape of AIDS-related lymphomas. Blood. 2015 May 14. 125 (20):e14-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Carbone A, Gloghini A, Bontempo D, Monini P, Tirelli U, Volpe R, et al. Proliferation in HHV-8-positive primary effusion lymphomas is associated with expression of HHV-8 cyclin but independent of p27(kip1). Am J Pathol. 2000 Apr. 156(4):1209-15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Gaidano G, Carbone A. AIDS-related lymphomas: from pathogenesis to pathology. Br J Haematol. 1995 Jun. 90(2):235-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Gaidano G, Carbone A, Pastore C, et al. Frequent mutation of the 5' noncoding region of the BCL-6 gene in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Blood. 1997 May 15. 89(10):3755-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Rabkin CS. Epidemiology of AIDS-related malignancies. Curr Opin Oncol. 1994 Sep. 6 (5):492-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Dal Maso L, Franceschi S. Epidemiology of non-Hodgkin lymphomas and other haemolymphopoietic neoplasms in people with AIDS. Lancet Oncol. 2003 Feb. 4(2):110-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Yanik EL, Achenbach CJ, Gopal S, Coghill AE, Cole SR, Eron JJ, et al. Changes in Clinical Context for Kaposi's Sarcoma and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Among People With HIV Infection in the United States. J Clin Oncol. 2016 Sep 20. 34 (27):3276-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Grulich AE, van Leeuwen MT, Falster MO, Vajdic CM. Incidence of cancers in people with HIV/AIDS compared with immunosuppressed transplant recipients: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2007 Jul 7. 370 (9581):59-67. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Cote TR, Biggar RJ, Rosenberg PS, et al. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among people with AIDS: incidence, presentation and public health burden. AIDS/Cancer Study Group. Int J Cancer. 1997 Nov 27. 73(5):645-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Mantina H, Wiggill TM, Carmona S, Perner Y, Stevens WS. Characterization of Lymphomas in a high prevalence HIV setting. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010 Apr. 53 (5):656-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Biggar RJ, Engels EA, Frisch M, Goedert JJ, AIDS Cancer Match Registry Study Group. Risk of T-cell lymphomas in persons with AIDS. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2001 Apr 1. 26 (4):371-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Carbone A. AIDS-related non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: from pathology and molecular pathogenesis to treatment. Hum Pathol. 2002 Apr. 33(4):392-404. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Flinn IW, Ambinder RF. AIDS primary central nervous system lymphoma. Curr Opin Oncol. 1996 Sep. 8(5):373-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Levine AM, Seneviratne L, Espina BM, et al. Evolving characteristics of AIDS-related lymphoma. Blood. 2000 Dec 15. 96(13):4084-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Guiguet M, Boué F, Cadranel J, Lang JM, Rosenthal E, Costagliola D, et al. Effect of immunodeficiency, HIV viral load, and antiretroviral therapy on the risk of individual malignancies (FHDH-ANRS CO4): a prospective cohort study. Lancet Oncol. 2009 Dec. 10 (12):1152-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Rabkin CS, Yang Q, Goedert JJ, Nguyen G, Mitsuya H, Sei S. Chemokine and chemokine receptor gene variants and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected individuals. Blood. 1999 Mar 15. 93 (6):1838-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
D'Apuzzo M, Rolink A, Loetscher M, Hoxie JA, Clark-Lewis I, Melchers F, et al. The chemokine SDF-1, stromal cell-derived factor 1, attracts early stage B cell precursors via the chemokine receptor CXCR4. Eur J Immunol. 1997 Jul. 27 (7):1788-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Barta SK, Xue X, Wang D, Lee JY, Kaplan LD, Ribera JM, et al. A new prognostic score for AIDS-related lymphomas in the rituximab-era. Haematologica. 2014 Nov. 99 (11):1731-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Cingolani A, Cozzi Lepri A, Teofili L, Galli L, Mazzotta V, Baldin GM, et al. Survival and predictors of death in people with HIV-associated lymphoma compared to those with a diagnosis of lymphoma in general population. PLoS One. 2017. 12 (10):e0186549. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Delecluse HJ, Anagnostopoulos I, Dallenbach F, Hummel M, Marafioti T, Schneider U, et al. Plasmablastic lymphomas of the oral cavity: a new entity associated with the human immunodeficiency virus infection. Blood. 1997 Feb 15. 89 (4):1413-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Herrlinger U, Schabet M, Clemens M, et al. Clinical presentation and therapeutic outcome in 26 patients with primary CNS lymphoma. Acta Neurol Scand. 1998 Apr. 97(4):257-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Gabarre J, Raphael M, Lepage E, et al, for the Groupe d'Etude des Lymphomes de l'Adulte (GELA). Human immunodeficiency virus-related lymphoma: relation between clinical features and histologic subtypes. Am J Med. 2001 Dec 15. 111(9):704-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Campeanu AT, Dumea E, Rus M, Fodor C, Ionescu AC, Mocanu E, et al. A Rare Case of Plasmablastic Lymphoma in a Patient with HIV and SARS-CoV-2 Infections. Curr Oncol. 2022 Mar 2. 29 (3):1537-1543. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Clayton A, Mughal T. The changing face of HIV-associated lymphoma: what can we learn about optimal therapy inl the post highly active antiretroviral therapy era?. Hematol Oncol. 2004 Sep. 22 (3):111-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Forsyth PA, DeAngelis LM. Biology and management of AIDS-associated primary CNS lymphomas. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 1996 Oct. 10(5):1125-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Isasi CR, Lu P, Blaufox MD. A metaanalysis of 18F-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography in the staging and restaging of patients with lymphoma. Cancer. 2005 Sep 1. 104(5):1066-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Luoni M, Declich P, De Paoli A, et al. Bone marrow biopsy for the staging of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: bilateral or unilateral trephine biopsy?. Tumori. 1995 Nov-Dec. 81(6):410-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Eisner MD, Kaplan LD, Herndier B, Stulbarg MS. The pulmonary manifestations of AIDS-related non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Chest. 1996 Sep. 110(3):729-36. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Balthazar EJ, Noordhoorn M, Megibow AJ, Gordon RB. CT of small-bowel lymphoma in immunocompetent patients and patients with AIDS: comparison of findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1997 Mar. 168(3):675-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Johnson BA, Fram EK, Johnson PC, Jacobowitz R. The variable MR appearance of primary lymphoma of the central nervous system: comparison with histopathologic features. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1997 Mar. 18(3):563-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Re A, Cattaneo C, Rossi G. Hiv and Lymphoma: from Epidemiology to Clinical Management. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2019. 11 (1):e2019004. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Barta SK, Samuel MS, Xue X, Wang D, Lee JY, Mounier N, et al. Changes in the influence of lymphoma- and HIV-specific factors on outcomes in AIDS-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Ann Oncol. 2015 May. 26 (5):958-66. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Gopal S, Patel MR, Yanik EL, Cole SR, Achenbach CJ, Napravnik S, et al. Association of early HIV viremia with mortality after HIV-associated lymphoma. AIDS. 2013 Sep 24. 27 (15):2365-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Barta SK, Xue X, Wang D, Tamari R, Lee JY, Mounier N, et al. Treatment factors affecting outcomes in HIV-associated non-Hodgkin lymphomas: a pooled analysis of 1546 patients. Blood. 2013 Nov 7. 122 (19):3251-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Weiss R, Mitrou P, Arasteh K, et al. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related lymphoma: simultaneous treatment with combined cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone chemotherapy and highly active antiretroviral therapy is safe and improves survival--results of the German Multicenter Trial. Cancer. 2006 Apr 1. 106(7):1560-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Little RF, Pittaluga S, Grant N, et al. Highly effective treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related lymphoma with dose-adjusted EPOCH: impact of antiretroviral therapy suspension and tumor biology. Blood. 2003 Jun 15. 101(12):4653-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Sparano JA, Lee S, Chen MG, et al. Phase II trial of infusional cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and etoposide in patients with HIV-associated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Trial (E1494). J Clin Oncol. 2004 Apr 15. 22(8):1491-500. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
[Guideline] National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: B-cell Lymphomas. NCCN. Available at https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/b-cell.pdf. Version 5.2022 — July 12, 2022; Accessed: November 11, 2022.
Noy A, Lee JY, Cesarman E, Ambinder R, Baiocchi R, Reid E, et al. AMC 048: modified CODOX-M/IVAC-rituximab is safe and effective for HIV-associated Burkitt lymphoma. Blood. 2015 Jul 9. 126 (2):160-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Dunleavy K, Pittaluga S, Shovlin M, Steinberg SM, Cole D, Grant C, et al. Low-intensity therapy in adults with Burkitt's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2013 Nov 14. 369 (20):1915-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ferreri AJM, Cattaneo C, Lleshi A, Verga L, Allione B, Facchetti F, et al. A dose-dense short-term therapy for human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients with high-risk Burkitt lymphoma or high-grade B-cell lymphoma: safety and efficacy results of the "CARMEN" phase II trial. Br J Haematol. 2021 Jan. 192 (1):119-128. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Noy A, Lensing SY, Moore PC, Gupta N, Aboulafia D, Ambinder R, et al. Plasmablastic lymphoma is treatable in the HAART era. A 10 year retrospective by the AIDS Malignancy Consortium. Leuk Lymphoma. 2016 Jul. 57 (7):1731-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Brunnberg U, Hentrich M, Hoffmann C, Wolf T, Hübel K. HIV-Associated Malignant Lymphoma. Oncol Res Treat. 2017. 40 (3):82-87. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Jacomet C, Girard PM, Lebrette MG, et al. Intravenous methotrexate for primary central nervous system non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in AIDS. AIDS. 1997 Nov 15. 11(14):1725-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Newell ME, Hoy JF, Cooper SG, DeGraaff B, Grulich AE, Bryant M, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus-related primary central nervous system lymphoma: factors influencing survival in 111 patients. Cancer. 2004 Jun 15. 100 (12):2627-36. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Moulignier A, Lamirel C, Picard H, Lebrette MG, Amiel C, Hamidi M, et al. Long-term AIDS-related PCNSL outcomes with HD-MTX and combined antiretroviral therapy. Neurology. 2017 Aug 22. 89 (8):796-804. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Bromberg JEC, Issa S, Bakunina K, Minnema MC, Seute T, Durian M, et al. Rituximab in patients with primary CNS lymphoma (HOVON 105/ALLG NHL 24): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 intergroup study. Lancet Oncol. 2019 Feb. 20 (2):216-228. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Gupta A, Sen S, Marley E, Chen W, Naina HV. Management and Outcomes of HIV-Associated Primary Effusion Lymphoma: A Single Center Experience. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2016 Aug. 16 Suppl:S175-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Antar A, El Hajj H, Jabbour M, Khalifeh I, El-Merhi F, Mahfouz R, et al. Primary effusion lymphoma in an elderly patient effectively treated by lenalidomide: case report and review of literature. Blood Cancer J. 2014 Mar 7. 4:e190. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Shah NN, Singavi AK, Harrington A. Daratumumab in Primary Effusion Lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2018 Aug 16. 379 (7):689-690. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Alvarnas JC, Le Rademacher J, Wang Y, Little RF, Akpek G, Ayala E, et al. Autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation for HIV-related lymphoma: results of the BMT CTN 0803/AMC 071 trial. Blood. 2016 Aug 25. 128 (8):1050-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Ramaswami R, Pria AD, Parker K, McCann S, Kanfer EJ, Nelson M, et al. Outcomes of autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) in patients with relapsed/refractory HIV-associated lymphoma. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2016 Dec. 51 (12):1609-1611. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Re A, Gini G, Rupolo M, Levis A, Bandera A, Liberati AM, et al. Early consolidation with high-dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation is a feasible and effective treatment option in HIV-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma at high risk. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2018 Feb. 53 (2):228-230. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Shindiapina P, Pietrzak M, Seweryn M, et al. Immune Recovery Following Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in HIV-Related Lymphoma Patients on the BMT CTN 0803/AMC 071 Trial. Front Immunol. 2021. 12:700045. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Lekakis LJ, Moskowitz CH. The Role of Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation in the Treatment of Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma in the Era of CAR-T Cell Therapy. Hemasphere. 2019 Dec. 3 (6):e295. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Johnston C, Harrington R, Jain R, Schiffer J, Kiem HP, Woolfrey A. Safety and Efficacy of Combination Antiretroviral Therapy in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Adults Undergoing Autologous or Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Hematologic Malignancies. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2016 Jan. 22 (1):149-56. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

Media Gallery

Burkitt lymphoma under low magnification showing sheets of atypical mononuclear cells. Scattered macrophages can be seen (as demonstrated by the green arrows) giving rise to classical "starry-sky" pattern.
Burkitt lymphoma under high magnification showing sheets of atypical mononuclear cells. The cells are intermediate to large in size with scant cytoplasm, round to irregular nuclear contour, smudged chromatin and some with nucleoli. Mitosis and apoptosis are frequent with scattered macrophages giving focal "starry-sky" pattern. Green arrows = macrophages; yellow arrows = mitosis.
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma under low magnification showing diffuse proliferation of large atypical lymphoid cells in this lymph node specimen.
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma under high power showing cells that have moderate to abundant cytoplasm, round to irregular nuclear contour, vesicular nuclear chromatin and one to multiple nucleoli. Scattered small mature lymphocytes are seen. Green arrows = atypical lymphocytes; yellow arrows = small lymphocytes.

of 4

Table 1: Incidence and relative risk of AIDS-related lymphoma subtypes

Lymphoma subtype	Incidence (% of HIV-related lymphomas)	Relative risk (compared with the general population)
DLBCL, immunoblastic variant	64	652
Burkitt lymphoma	21	260
Indolent B-cell lymphoma	< 10	15
T-cell lymphoma	3	15
Hodgkin lymphoma	< 10	15-30
Primary CNS lymphoma	2-6	1000
Plasmablastic lymphoma	3	>1000
Primary effusion lymphoma	< 1	>1000

Table 2: Common chemotherapeutic options for initial treatment of AIDS-related DLBCL

Chemotherapy	Outcomes (complete remission rate %)	Indication
CHOP	63^[39]	Most patients with advanced-stage disease; addition of rituximab recommended for CD20+ disease when CD4 count over 50 /μL
Dose-adjusted EPOCH	74^[40]	Patients with a high proliferation index or plasmabatic histology; addition of rituximab recommended for CD20+ disease when CD4 count > 50 /μL
CDE	45^[41]
CDE = cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, etoposide; CHOP = cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone; EPOCH = etoposide, prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin (hydroxydaunorubicin)

Back to List

Author

Christina Poh, MD Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology (Lymphoma), University of Washington School of Medicine

Christina Poh, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Cancer Research, American Society of Clinical Oncology, American Society of Hematology, Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research Society

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant or trustee for: Incyte Morphosys<br/>Received research grant from: Incyte Morphosys.

Coauthor(s)

Joseph M Tuscano, MD Associate Chief, Department of Hematology/Oncology/Internal Medicine, Veterans Administration Northern California System of Clinics; Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine

Joseph M Tuscano, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Immunologists, American College of Physicians, American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, American Society of Clinical Oncology, American Society of Hematology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Chief Editor

Emmanuel C Besa, MD Professor Emeritus, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University

Emmanuel C Besa, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Cancer Education, American Society of Clinical Oncology, American College of Clinical Pharmacology, American Federation for Medical Research, American Society of Hematology, New York Academy of Sciences

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Additional Contributors

Mudassar Zia, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine

Mudassar Zia, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Hesham M Taha, MD, FACP, MRCP(UK) Attending Physician, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Nassau University Medical Center

Hesham M Taha, MD, FACP, MRCP(UK) is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, American Society of Hematology, Royal College of Physicians, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Muhammad A Mir, MD, FACP Assistant Professor of Medicine (Hematology, Blood/Marrow Transplant) Milton S Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine

Muhammad A Mir, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Society of Hematology, American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, American Society of Clinical Oncology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

Adnan A Jabbar, MD, PhD Adjunct Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, New York College of Osteopathic Medicine of NY Institute of Technology; Fellow, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University

Adnan A Jabbar, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, Chicago Medical Society, and Sigma Xi

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Hesham M Taha, MD, FACP, MRCP(UK) Attending Physician, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Nassau University Medical Center

Hesham M Taha, MD, FACP, MRCP(UK) is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, American Society of Clinical Oncology, American Society of Hematology, Royal College of Physicians, and Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgments

Medscape Reference and the previous authors would like to thank the following physicians for their valuable contributions to this article: Roshan Patel, MD, Department of Pathology, Westchester Medical Center-NYMC and Kyle Bradley, MD, Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine.

AIDS-Related Lymphomas Differential Diagnoses

Diagnostic Considerations

Differential Diagnoses

References

Tables

Contributor Information and Disclosures

What would you like to print?