Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Questions & Answers

1. Cingam SR, Koshy NV. Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia. 2021 Jan. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

2. Bernard J. History of promyelocytic leukaemia. Leukemia. 1994. 8 suppl 2:S1-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Lo-Coco F, Cicconi L, Voso MT. Progress and criticalities in the management of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Oncotarget. 2017 Nov 21. 8 (59):99221-99222. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

4. Tan Y, Wang X, Song H, Zhang Y, Zhang R, Li S, et al. A PML/RARα direct target atlas redefines transcriptional deregulation in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood. 2021 Mar 18. 137 (11):1503-1516. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

5. Vahdat L, Maslak P, Miller WH Jr, et al. Early mortality and the retinoic acid syndrome in acute promyelocytic leukemia: impact of leukocytosis, low-dose chemotherapy, PMN/RAR-alpha isoform, and CD13 expression in patients treated with all-trans retinoic acid. Blood. 1994 Dec 1. 84(11):3843-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

6. Yin CC, Jain N, Mehrotra M, Zhagn J, Protopopov A, Zuo Z, et al. Identification of a novel fusion gene, IRF2BP2-RARA, in acute promyelocytic leukemia. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2015 Jan. 13(1):19-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Cao Y, Yuan R, Wang Y, Chen R, Huang M, Zhou J. A New Chromosome Translocation t(7;16)(q31,q22) Change during an Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Relapse. Cytogenet Genome Res. 2013 May 4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Jurcic JG, Soignet SL, Maslak AP. Diagnosis and treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Curr Oncol Rep. 2007 Sep. 9(5):337-44. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Ribeiro RC, Rego E. Management of APL in developing countries: epidemiology, challenges and opportunities for international collaboration. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2006. 162-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

10. Douer D. The epidemiology of acute promyelocytic leukaemia. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2003 Sep. 16(3):357-67. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Matasar MJ, Ritchie EK, Consedine N, Magai C, Neugut AI. Incidence rates of acute promyelocytic leukemia among Hispanics, blacks, Asians, and non-Hispanic whites in the United States. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2006 Aug. 15(4):367-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Cicconi L, Lo-Coco F. Current management of newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia. Ann Oncol. 2016 Aug. 27 (8):1474-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

13. Xu F, Wang C, Yin C, Jiang X, Jiang L, Wang Z, et al. Analysis of early death in newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017 Dec. 96 (51):e9324. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

14. Hou J, Wang S, Zhang Y, Fan D, Li H, Yang Y, et al. Causes and prognostic factors for early death in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia treated with single-agent arsenic trioxide. Ann Hematol. 2017 Dec. 96 (12):2005-2013. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Zhao H, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Hou J, Yang H, Cao F, et al. Difference in causes and prognostic factors of early death between cohorts with de novo and relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia. Ann Hematol. 2018 Mar. 97 (3):409-416. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. [Guideline] National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Acute Myeloid Leukemia. NCCN. Available at http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/aml.pdf. Version 3.2021 — March 2, 2021; Accessed: March 19, 2021.

17. Testa U, Lo-Coco F. Prognostic factors in acute promyelocytic leukemia: strategies to define high-risk patients. Ann Hematol. 2016 Apr. 95 (5):673-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Tallman MS, Kim HT, Montesinos P, et al. Does microgranular variant morphology of acute promyelocytic leukemia independently predict a less favorable outcome compared with classical M3 APL? A joint study of the North American Intergroup and the PETHEMA Group. Blood. 2010 Dec 16. 116(25):5650-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Montesinos P, González JD, González J, Rayón C, de Lisa E, Amigo ML, et al. Therapy-related myeloid neoplasms in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia treated with all-trans-retinoic Acid and anthracycline-based chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Aug 20. 28(24):3872-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Cashen AF. Acute Leukemias. Govindan R, Morgensztern D, eds. DeVita, Hellman, and Rosenberg's Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology: Review. 4th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Wolters Kluwer; 2016. 293-304.

21. Menell JS, Cesarman GM, Jacovina AT, et al. Annexin II and bleeding in acute promyelocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 1999 Apr 1. 340(13):994-1004. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

22. Tallman MS, Andersen JW, Schiffer CA, et al. All-trans retinoic acid in acute promyelocytic leukemia: long-term outcome and prognostic factor analysis from the North American Intergroup protocol. Blood. 2002 Dec 15. 100(13):4298-302. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

23. Shigeno K, Naito K, Sahara N, et al. Arsenic trioxide therapy in relapsed or refractory Japanese patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia: updated outcomes of the phase II study and postremission therapies. Int J Hematol. 2005 Oct. 82(3):224-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Shen ZX, Shi ZZ, Fang J, Gu BW, Li JM, Zhu YM, et al. All-trans retinoic acid/As2O3 combination yields a high quality remission and survival in newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Apr 13. 101(15):5328-35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

25. Lo-Coco F, Avvisati G, Vignetti M, Thiede C, Orlando SM, Iacobelli S, et al. Retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide for acute promyelocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2013 Jul 11. 369(2):111-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

26. Sanz MA, Martin G, Gonzalez M, et al, for the Programa de Estudio y Traitmiento de las Hemopatias Malignas. Risk-adapted treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia with all-trans-retinoic acid and anthracycline monochemotherapy: a multicenter study by the PETHEMA group. Blood. 2004 Feb 15. 103(4):1237-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

27. Fenaux P, Chastang C, Chevret S, et al, for the The European APL Group. A randomized comparison of all transretinoic acid (ATRA) followed by chemotherapy and ATRA plus chemotherapy and the role of maintenance therapy in newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood. 1999 Aug 15. 94(4):1192-200. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

28. Sanz MA, Lo Coco F, Martin G, et al. Definition of relapse risk and role of nonanthracycline drugs for consolidation in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia: a joint study of the PETHEMA and GIMEMA cooperative groups. Blood. 2000 Aug 15. 96(4):1247-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

29. Ades L, Sanz MA, Chevret S, et al. Treatment of newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL): a comparison of French-Belgian-Swiss and PETHEMA results. Blood. 2008 Feb 1. 111(3):1078-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

30. de la Serna J, Montesinos P, Vellenga E, et al. Causes and prognostic factors of remission induction failure in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia treated with all-trans retinoic acid and idarubicin. Blood. 2008 Apr 1. 111(7):3395-402. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

31. Montesinos P, Gonzalez JD, Gonzalez J, et al. Therapy-related myeloid neoplasms in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia treated with all-trans-retinoic Acid and anthracycline-based chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Aug 20. 28(24):3872-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Powell BL, Moser B, Stock W, Gallagher RE, Willman CL, Stone RM, et al. Arsenic trioxide improves event-free and overall survival for adults with acute promyelocytic leukemia: North American Leukemia Intergroup Study C9710. Blood. 2010 Nov 11. 116(19):3751-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

33. Grimwade D, Howe K, Langabeer S, et al. Minimal residual disease detection in acute promyelocytic leukemia by reverse-transcriptase PCR: evaluation of PML-RAR alpha and RAR alpha-PML assessment in patients who ultimately relapse. Leukemia. 1996 Jan. 10(1):61-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Avvisati G, Lo-Coco F, Paoloni FP, et al. AIDA 0493 protocol for newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia: very long-term results and role of maintenance. Blood. 2011 May 5. 117(18):4716-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Falchi L, Verstovsek S, Ravandi-Kashani F, Kantarjian HM. The evolution of arsenic in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia and other myeloid neoplasms: Moving toward an effective oral, outpatient therapy. Cancer. 2016 Apr 15. 122 (8):1160-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Soignet SL, Frankel SR, Douer D, et al. United States multicenter study of arsenic trioxide in relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2001 Sep 15. 19(18):3852-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

37. Mathews V, George B, Chendamarai E, Lakshmi KM, Desire S, Balasubramanian P, et al. Single-agent arsenic trioxide in the treatment of newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia: long-term follow-up data. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Aug 20. 28(24):3866-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Tomita A, Kiyoi H, Naoe T. Mechanisms of action and resistance to all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (As₂O ₃) in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Int J Hematol. 2013 May 14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Lo Coco F, Ammatuna E, Noguera N. Treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia with gemtuzumab ozogamicin. Clin Adv Hematol Oncol. 2006 Jan. 4(1):57-62, 76-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Lo-Coco F, Cimino G, Breccia M, et al. Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg) as a single agent for molecularly relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood. 2004 Oct 1. 104(7):1995-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

41. Estey EH, Giles FJ, Beran M, et al. Experience with gemtuzumab ozogamycin ("Mylotarg") and all-trans retinoic acid in untreated acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood. 2002 Jun 1. 99(11):4222-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

42. de Botton S, Fawaz A, Chevret S, et al. Autologous and allogeneic stem-cell transplantation as salvage treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia initially treated with all-trans-retinoic acid: a retrospective analysis of the European Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Group. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Jan 1. 23(1):120-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

43. Kharfan-Dabaja MA, Abou Mourad YR, Fernandez HF, Pasquini MC, Santos ES. Hematopoietic cell transplantation in acute promyelocytic leukemia: a comprehensive review. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2007 Sep. 13(9):997-1004. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Fenaux P, Chastang C, Chevret S, et al, for the European APL Group. A randomized comparison of all transretinoic acid (ATRA) followed by chemotherapy and ATRA plus chemotherapy and the role of maintenance therapy in newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood. 1999 Aug 15. 94(4):1192-200. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

45. Sanz MA, Vellenga E, Rayon C, et al. All-trans retinoic acid and anthracycline monochemotherapy for the treatment of elderly patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood. 2004 Dec 1. 104(12):3490-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

46. Lengfelder E, Hofmann WK, Nolte F. Management of elderly patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia: progress and problems. Ann Hematol. 2013 May 22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Braun T, Cereja S, Chevret S, Raffoux E, Beaumont M, Detourmignies L, et al. Evolving characteristics and outcome of secondary acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL): A prospective analysis by the French-Belgian-Swiss APL group. Cancer. 2015 Apr 6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. [Guideline] Sanz MA, Fenaux P, Tallman MS, Estey EH, Löwenberg B, Naoe T, et al. Management of acute promyelocytic leukemia: updated recommendations from an expert panel of the European LeukemiaNet. Blood. 2019 Apr 11. 133 (15):1630-1643. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

Sandy D Kotiah, MD Director of the Neuroendocrine Center, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mercy Medical Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Emmanuel C Besa, MD Professor Emeritus, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University

Emmanuel C Besa, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Cancer Education, American Society of Clinical Oncology, American College of Clinical Pharmacology, American Federation for Medical Research, American Society of Hematology, New York Academy of Sciences

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Ronald A Sacher, MD, FRCPC, DTM&H Professor Emeritus of Internal Medicine and Hematology/Oncology, Emeritus Director, Hoxworth Blood Center, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center

Ronald A Sacher, MD, FRCPC, DTM&H is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association of Blood Banks, American Clinical and Climatological Association, American Society for Clinical Pathology, American Society of Hematology, College of American Pathologists, International Society of Blood Transfusion, International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Emmanuel C Besa, MD Professor Emeritus, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University

Emmanuel C Besa, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Cancer Education, American Society of Clinical Oncology, American College of Clinical Pharmacology, American Federation for Medical Research, American Society of Hematology, New York Academy of Sciences

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Clarence Sarkodee Adoo, MD, FACP Consulting Staff, Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, City of Hope Samaritan BMT Program

Clarence Sarkodee Adoo, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Society of Hematology, American Society of Clinical Oncology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article