Tintinalli JE, Kelen GD, Stapczynski JS, eds. Valvular emergencies. 6th ed. Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2004. 54.
Bergler-Klein J. Natriuretic peptides in the management of aortic stenosis. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2009 Mar. 11(2):85-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Nakatsuma K, Taniguchi T, Morimoto T, for the CURRENT AS Registry Investigators. B-type natriuretic peptide in patients with asymptomatic severe aortic stenosis. Heart. 2019 Mar. 105(5):384-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Townsend CM Jr, Beauchamp RD, Evers BM, Mattox KL, eds. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 18th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2008. 1841-4.
[Guideline] Vahanian A, Alfieri O, Andreotti F, et al. Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease (version 2012): The Joint Task Force on the Management of Valvular Heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J. 2012 Oct. 33(19):2451-96. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
[Guideline] Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al, for the ACC/AHA Task Force Members. 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014 Jun 10. 129(23):2440-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Smith JG, Luk K, Schulz CA, et al. Association of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol-related genetic variants with aortic valve calcium and incident aortic stenosis. JAMA. 2014 Nov 5. 312(17):1764-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Tzemos N, Therrien J, Yip J, et al. Outcomes in adults with bicuspid aortic valves. JAMA. 2008 Sep 17. 300(11):1317-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Hughes BR, Chahoud G, Mehta JL. Aortic stenosis: is it simply a degenerative process or an active atherosclerotic process?. Clin Cardiol. 2005 Mar. 28(3):111-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Roberts WC, Vowels TJ, Ko JM. Comparison of interpretations of valve structure between cardiac surgeon and cardiac pathologist among adults having isolated aortic valve replacement for aortic valve stenosis (+/- aortic regurgitation). Am J Cardiol. 2009 Apr 15. 103(8):1139-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kerstjens-Frederikse WS, Du Marchie Sarvaas GJ, Ruiter JS, et al. Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction: should cardiac screening be offered to first-degree relatives?. Heart. 2011 Aug. 97(15):1228-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Lancellotti P, Magne J, Donal E, et al. Clinical outcome in asymptomatic severe aortic stenosis insights from the new proposed aortic stenosis grading classification. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012 Jan 17. 59(3):235-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Sherwood MW, Kiefer TL. Challenges in aortic valve stenosis: low-flow states diagnosis, management, and a review of the current literature. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2017 Oct 30. 19(12):130. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Jander N, Minners J, Holme I, et al. Outcome of patients with low-gradient "severe" aortic stenosis and preserved ejection fraction. Circulation. 2011 Mar 1. 123(8):887-95. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Namisaki H, Nagata Y, Seo Y, et al. Symptomatic paradoxical low gradient severe aortic stenosis: A possible link to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. J Cardiol. 2019 Jun. 73(6):536-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Eberhard M, Stocker D, Meyer M, et al. Epicardial adipose tissue volume is associated with adverse outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Int J Cardiol. 2019 Jul 1. 286:29-35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Einarsen E, Cramariuc D, Lonnebakken MT, et al. Comparison of frequency of ischemic cardiovascular events in patients with aortic stenosis with versus without asymmetric septal hypertrophy (from the SEAS trial). Am J Cardiol. 2017 Apr 1. 119(7):1082-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Rodrigues Tda R, Sternick EB, Moreira Mda C. Epilepsy or syncope? An analysis of 55 consecutive patients with loss of consciousness, convulsions, falls, and no EEG abnormalities. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2010 Jul. 33(7):804-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Stewart WJ, Carabello BA. Aortic valve disease. Topol EJ, Califf RM, Prystowsky EN, Thomas JD, Thompson PD, eds. Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006. Section Two: 366.
Al-Najafi S, Sanchez F, Lerakis S. The crucial role of cardiac imaging in transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR): pre- and post-procedural assessment. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 2016 Dec. 18(12):70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Zegdi R, Ciobotaru V, Huerre C, et al. Detecting aortic valve bicuspidy in patients with severe aortic valve stenosis: high diagnostic accuracy of colour Doppler transoesophageal echocardiography. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2013 Jan. 16(1):16-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
[Guideline] Zamorano JL, Badano LP, Bruce C, et al. EAE/ASE recommendations for the use of echocardiography in new transcatheter interventions for valvular heart disease. Eur Heart J. 2011 Sep. 32(17):2189-214. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Pierard LA, Lancellotti P. Stress testing in valve disease. Heart. 2007 Jun. 93(6):766-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Messika-Zeitoun D, Aubry MC, Detaint D, et al. Evaluation and clinical implications of aortic valve calcification measured by electron-beam computed tomography. Circulation. 2004 Jul 20. 110(3):356-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Shah RG, Novaro GM, Blandon RJ, Whiteman MS, Asher CR, Kirsch J. Aortic valve area: meta-analysis of diagnostic performance of multi-detector computed tomography for aortic valve area measurements as compared to transthoracic echocardiography. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009 Aug. 25(6):601-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Bergler-Klein J, Klaar U, Heger M, et al. Natriuretic peptides predict symptom-free survival and postoperative outcome in severe aortic stenosis. Circulation. 2004 May 18. 109(19):2302-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ramee S, Anwaruddin S, Kumar G, et al, for the Aortic Stenosis AUC Writing Group, Interventional Section of the Leadership Council of the American College of Cardiology. The rationale for performance of coronary angiography and stenting before transcatheter aortic valve replacement: from the Interventional Section Leadership Council of the American College of Cardiology. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2016 Dec 12. 9(23):2371-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Brown DW, Dipilato AE, Chong EC, et al. Sudden unexpected death after balloon valvuloplasty for congenital aortic stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010 Nov 30. 56(23):1939-46. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Agarwal A, Kini AS, Attanti S, et al. Results of repeat balloon valvuloplasty for treatment of aortic stenosis in patients aged 59 to 104 years. Am J Cardiol. 2005 Jan 1. 95(1):43-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Rahimtoola SH. Choice of prosthetic heart valve in adults an update. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010 Jun 1. 55(22):2413-26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Stassano P, Di Tommaso L, Monaco M, et al. Aortic valve replacement: a prospective randomized evaluation of mechanical versus biological valves in patients ages 55 to 70 years. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009 Nov 10. 54(20):1862-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Leon MB, Smith CR, Mack M, et al. Transcatheter aortic-valve implantation for aortic stenosis in patients who cannot undergo surgery. N Engl J Med. 2010 Oct 21. 363(17):1597-607. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Clavel MA, Webb JG, Rodes-Cabau J, et al. Comparison between transcatheter and surgical prosthetic valve implantation in patients with severe aortic stenosis and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. Circulation. 2010 Nov 9. 122(19):1928-36. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Smith CR, Leon MB, Mack MJ, et al. Transcatheter versus surgical aortic-valve replacement in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2011 Jun 9. 364(23):2187-98. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Daneault B, Kirtane AJ, Kodali SK, et al. Stroke associated with surgical and transcatheter treatment of aortic stenosis: a comprehensive review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Nov 15. 58(21):2143-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Herrmann HC, Pibarot P, Hueter I, et al. Predictors of mortality and outcomes of therapy in low-flow severe aortic stenosis: a Placement of Aortic Transcatheter Valves (PARTNER) trial analysis. Circulation. 2013 Jun 11. 127(23):2316-26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Hahn RT, Pibarot P, Stewart WJ, et al. Comparison of transcatheter and surgical aortic valve replacement in severe aortic stenosis: a longitudinal study of echocardiography parameters in cohort A of the PARTNER Trial (Placement of Aortic Transcatheter Valves). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013 Jun 25. 61(25):2514-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Mack MJ, Leon MB, Smith CR, et al, for the PARTNER 1 trial investigators. 5-year outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve replacement or surgical aortic valve replacement for high surgical risk patients with aortic stenosis (PARTNER 1): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015 Jun 20. 385(9986):2477-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Adams DH, Popma JJ, Reardon MJ, et al, for the U.S. CoreValve Clinical Investigators. Transcatheter aortic-valve replacement with a self-expanding prosthesis. N Engl J Med. 2014 May 8. 370(19):1790-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Wood S. CoreValve beats high-risk surgery for AV stenosis in pivotal trial. Heartwire from Medscape. March 29, 2014. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/822728. Accessed: April 8, 2014.
Neale T. FDA OKs expanded use for CoreValve. Medpage Today. June 12, 2014. [Full Text].
Medtronic, Inc. Medtronic CoreValve System receives FDA approval for patients at high risk for surgery [press release]. June 12, 2014. Available at http://newsroom.medtronic.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=251324&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1939539&highlight=. Accessed: June 16, 2014.
Linke A, Wenaweser P, Gerckens U, et al, for the ADVANCE study investigators. Treatment of aortic stenosis with a self-expanding transcatheter valve: the International Multi-centre ADVANCE Study. Eur Heart J. 2014 Oct 7. 35(38):2672-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Wijeysundera HC, Qiu F, Koh M, et al. Comparison of outcomes of balloon-expandable versus self-expandable transcatheter heart valves for severe aortic stenosis. Am J Cardiol. 2017 Apr 1. 119(7):1094-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
[Guideline] Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003 May 21. 289(19):2560-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Moura LM, Ramos SF, Zamorano JL, et al. Rosuvastatin affecting aortic valve endothelium to slow the progression of aortic stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007 Feb 6. 49(5):554-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Chan KL, Teo K, Dumesnil JG, Ni A, Tam J. Effect of Lipid lowering with rosuvastatin on progression of aortic stenosis: results of the aortic stenosis progression observation: measuring effects of rosuvastatin (ASTRONOMER) trial. Circulation. 2010 Jan 19. 121(2):306-14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Rossebo AB, Pedersen TR, Boman K, et al. Intensive lipid lowering with simvastatin and ezetimibe in aortic stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2008 Sep 25. 359(13):1343-56. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Cowell SJ, Newby DE, Prescott RJ, et al. A randomized trial of intensive lipid-lowering therapy in calcific aortic stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2005 Jun 9. 352(23):2389-97. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
[Guideline] Otto CM, Nishimura RA, Bonow RO, et al. 2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2021 Feb 2. 143(5):e35-e71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
[Guideline] Otto CM, Nishimura RA, Bonow RO, et al. 2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2021 Feb 2. 143(5):e72-e227. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Vahanian A, Beyersdorf F, Praz F, et al, for the ESC/EACTS Scientific Document Group; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2021 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease. Eur Heart J. 2021 Aug 28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
[Guideline] Bonow RO, Brown AS, Gillam LD, et al. ACC/AATS/AHA/ASE/EACTS/HVS/SCA/SCAI/SCCT/SCMR/STS 2017 Appropriate use criteria for the treatment of patients with severe aortic stenosis: A report of the ACC Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, AATS, AHA, ASE, EACTS, HVS, SCA, SCAI, SCCT, SCMR, STS. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Nov 14. 70(20):2566-98. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
[Guideline] Bach DS. 2017 AUC for management of severe aortic stenosis. American College of Cardiology. October 17, 2017. Available at https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/ten-points-to-remember/2017/10/17/11/23/2017-appropriate-use-criteria-for-severe-aortic-stenosis. Accessed: May 7, 2019.
[Guideline] Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2017 AHA/ACC focused update of the 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2017 Jun 20. 135(25):e1159-95. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Eltchaninoff H, Prat A, Gilard M, et al, for the FRANCE Registry Investigators. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation: early results of the FRANCE (FRench Aortic National CoreValve and Edwards) registry. Eur Heart J. 2011 Jan. 32(2):191-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Wood S. New valve guidelines offer staging, risk-scoring advice. Heartwire from Medscape. March 5, 2014. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/821526. Accessed: March 11, 2014.
[Guideline] January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS, et al, for the ACC/AHA Task Force Members. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2014 Dec 2. 130(23):2071-104. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Bagur R, Webb JG, Nietlispach F, et al. Acute kidney injury following transcatheter aortic valve implantation: predictive factors, prognostic value, and comparison with surgical aortic valve replacement. Eur Heart J. 2010 Apr. 31(7):865-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
FDA approval expands access to artificial heart valve for inoperable patients [press release]. Food and Drug Administration. September 23, 2013. Available at http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm369510.htm.
Lefevre T, Kappetein AP, Wolner E, et al, for the PARTNER EU Investigator Group. One year follow-up of the multi-centre European PARTNER transcatheter heart valve study. Eur Heart J. 2011 Jan. 32(2):148-57. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Leon MB, Smith CR, Mack M, et al. Transcatheter aortic-valve implantation for aortic stenosis in patients who cannot undergo surgery. N Engl J Med. 2010 Oct 21. 363(17):1597-607. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Prasad Y, Bhalodkar NC. Aortic sclerosis--a marker of coronary atherosclerosis. Clin Cardiol. 2004 Dec. 27(12):671-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Rosenhek R, Zilberszac R, Schemper M, et al. Natural history of very severe aortic stenosis. Circulation. 2010 Jan 5. 121(1):151-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Tamburino C, Capodanno D, Ramondo A, et al. Incidence and predictors of early and late mortality after transcatheter aortic valve implantation in 663 patients with severe aortic stenosis. Circulation. 2011 Jan 25. 123(3):299-308. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Wood S. Expanded FDA indication for Sapien valve. Medscape Medical News. September 24, 2013. [Full Text].
Zahn R, Gerckens U, Grube E, et al, for the German Transcatheter Aortic Valve Interventions-Registry Investigators. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation: first results from a multi-centre real-world registry. Eur Heart J. 2011 Jan. 32(2):198-204. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Zajarias A, Cribier AG. Outcomes and safety of percutaneous aortic valve replacement. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009 May 19. 53(20):1829-36. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
[Guideline] Svensson LG, Adams DH, Bonow RO, et al. Aortic valve and ascending aorta guidelines for management and quality measures. Ann Thorac Surg. 2013 Jun. 95 (6 suppl):S1-66. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Frank RD, Lanzmich R, Haager PK, Budde U. Severe aortic valve stenosis. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2017 Apr. 23(3):229-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Abdelghani M, Mankerious N, Allali A, et al. Bioprosthetic valve performance after transcatheter aortic valve replacement With Self-Expanding versus balloon-expandable valves in large versus small aortic valve annuli: Insights from the CHOICE Trial and the CHOICE-Extend Registry. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2018 Dec 24. 11(24):2507-18. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].