Dilated Cardiomyopathy Questions & Answers

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17. Drazner MH. The progression of hypertensive heart disease. Circulation. 2011 Jan 25. 123(3):327-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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20. Shapiro BP, Owan TE, Mohammed S, et al. Mineralocorticoid signaling in transition to heart failure with normal ejection fraction. Hypertension. 2008 Feb. 51(2):289-95. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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27. Guzzo-Merello G, Cobo-Marcos M, Gallego-Delgado M, Garcia-Pavia P. Alcoholic cardiomyopathy. World J Cardiol. 2014 Aug 26. 6(8):771-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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33. Vasica G, Tennant CC. Cocaine use and cardiovascular complications. Med J Aust. 2002 Sep 2. 177(5):260-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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37. Hilfiker-Kleiner D, Haghikia A, Nonhoff J, Bauersachs J. Peripartum cardiomyopathy: current management and future perspectives. Eur Heart J. 2015 May 7. 36(18):1090-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Chung E, Leinwand LA. Pregnancy as a cardiac stress model. Cardiovasc Res. 2014 Mar 15. 101(4):561-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Haghikia A, Podewski E, Libhaber E, et al. Phenotyping and outcome on contemporary management in a German cohort of patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy. Basic Res Cardiol. 2013 Jul. 108(4):366. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Forster O, Hilfiker-Kleiner D, Ansari AA, et al. Reversal of IFN-gamma, oxLDL and prolactin serum levels correlate with clinical improvement in patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy. Eur J Heart Fail. 2008 Sep. 10(9):861-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Sliwa K, Fett J, Elkayam U. Peripartum cardiomyopathy. Lancet. 2006 Aug 19. 368(9536):687-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Sliwa K, Skudicky D, Candy G, Bergemann A, Hopley M, Sareli P. The addition of pentoxifylline to conventional therapy improves outcome in patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy. Eur J Heart Fail. 2002 Jun. 4(3):305-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Sliwa K, Blauwet L, Tibazarwa K, et al. Evaluation of bromocriptine in the treatment of acute severe peripartum cardiomyopathy: a proof-of-concept pilot study. Circulation. 2010 Apr 6. 121(13):1465-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Seward JB, Casaclang-Verzosa G. Infiltrative cardiovascular diseases: cardiomyopathies that look alike. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010 Apr 27. 55(17):1769-79. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Klein AL, Hatle LK, Burstow DJ, et al. Doppler characterization of left ventricular diastolic function in cardiac amyloidosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989 Apr. 13(5):1017-26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Falk RH. Diagnosis and management of the cardiac amyloidoses. Circulation. 2005 Sep 27. 112(13):2047-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Falk RH, Alexander KM, Liao R, Dorbala S. AL (light-chain) cardiac amyloidosis: a review of diagnosis and therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016 Sep 20. 68(12):1323-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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49. Goldman ME, Cantor R, Schwartz MF, Baker M, Desnick RJ. Echocardiographic abnormalities and disease severity in Fabry's disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986 May. 7(5):1157-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Pieroni M, Chimenti C, De Cobelli F, et al. Fabry's disease cardiomyopathy: echocardiographic detection of endomyocardial glycosphingolipid compartmentalization. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006 Apr 18. 47(8):1663-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Ommen SR, Nishimura RA, Edwards WD. Fabry disease: a mimic for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?. Heart. 2003 Aug. 89(8):929-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Kounas S, Demetrescu C, Pantazis AA, et al. The binary endocardial appearance is a poor discriminator of Anderson-Fabry disease from familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008 May 27. 51(21):2058-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Vohringer M, Mahrholdt H, Yilmaz A, Sechtem U. Significance of late gadolinium enhancement in cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR). Herz. 2007 Mar. 32(2):129-37. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. De Cobelli F, Esposito A, Belloni E, et al. Delayed-enhanced cardiac MRI for differentiation of Fabry's disease from symmetric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009 Mar. 192(3):W97-102. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Smedema JP, Snoep G, van Kroonenburgh MP, et al. Evaluation of the accuracy of gadolinium-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance in the diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005 May 17. 45(10):1683-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Uemura A, Morimoto S, Hiramitsu S, Kato Y, Ito T, Hishida H. Histologic diagnostic rate of cardiac sarcoidosis: evaluation of endomyocardial biopsies. Am Heart J. 1999 Aug. 138(2 Pt 1):299-302. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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58. Smedema JP, Snoep G, van Kroonenburgh MP, et al. Cardiac involvement in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis assessed at two university medical centers in the Netherlands. Chest. 2005 Jul. 128(1):30-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. Sekhri V, Sanal S, Delorenzo LJ, Aronow WS, Maguire GP. Cardiac sarcoidosis: a comprehensive review. Arch Med Sci. 2011 Aug. 7(4):546-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

60. Grant SC, Levy RD, Venning MC, Ward C, Brooks NH. Wegener's granulomatosis and the heart. Br Heart J. 1994 Jan. 71(1):82-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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62. Oliveira GH, Seward JB, Tsang TS, Specks U. Echocardiographic findings in patients with Wegener granulomatosis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2005 Nov. 80(11):1435-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

63. Gujja P, Rosing DR, Tripodi DJ, Shizukuda Y. Iron overload cardiomyopathy: better understanding of an increasing disorder. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010 Sep 21. 56(13):1001-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

64. Wood JC. Cardiac iron across different transfusion-dependent diseases. Blood Rev. 2008 Dec. 22 Suppl 2:S14-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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66. Schmitt B, Golub RM, Green R. Screening primary care patients for hereditary hemochromatosis with transferrin saturation and serum ferritin level: systematic review for the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2005 Oct 4. 143(7):522-36. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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71. Likoff MJ, Chandler SL, Kay HR. Clinical determinants of mortality in chronic congestive heart failure secondary to idiopathic dilated or to ischemic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 1987 Mar 1. 59(6):634-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

72. Stelken AM, Younis LT, Jennison SH, et al. Prognostic value of cardiopulmonary exercise testing using percent achieved of predicted peak oxygen uptake for patients with ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996 Feb. 27(2):345-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

73. Albouaini K, Egred M, Alahmar A, Wright DJ. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing and its application. Postgrad Med J. 2007 Nov. 83(985):675-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

74. Opasich C, Pinna GD, Bobbio M, et al. Peak exercise oxygen consumption in chronic heart failure: toward efficient use in the individual patient. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998 Mar 15. 31(4):766-75. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

75. Corra U, Mezzani A, Bosimini E, Giannuzzi P. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing and prognosis in chronic heart failure: a prognosticating algorithm for the individual patient. Chest. 2004 Sep. 126(3):942-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

76. La Vecchia L, Mezzena G, Zanolla L, et al. Cardiac troponin I as diagnostic and prognostic marker in severe heart failure. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2000 Jul. 19(7):644-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

77. Peacock WF, Emerman CE, Doleh M, Civic K, Butt S. Retrospective review: the incidence of non-ST segment elevation MI in emergency department patients presenting with decompensated heart failure. Congest Heart Fail. 2003 Nov-Dec. 9(6):303-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

78. Wang CS, FitzGerald JM, Schulzer M, Mak E, Ayas NT. Does this dyspneic patient in the emergency department have congestive heart failure?. JAMA. 2005 Oct 19. 294(15):1944-56. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

79. Tsutamoto T, Wada A, Maeda K, et al. Attenuation of compensation of endogenous cardiac natriuretic peptide system in chronic heart failure: prognostic role of plasma brain natriuretic peptide concentration in patients with chronic symptomatic left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation. 1997 Jul 15. 96(2):509-16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

80. McMurray JJ, Packer M, Desai AS, et al, for the PARADIGM-HF Investigators and Committees. Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2014 Sep 11. 371(11):993-1004. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

81. Sachdeva A, Horwich TB, Fonarow GC. Comparison of usefulness of each of five predictors of mortality and urgent transplantation in patients with advanced heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2010 Sep 15. 106(6):830-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

82. Francone M. Role of cardiac magnetic resonance in the evaluation of dilated cardiomyopathy: diagnostic contribution and prognostic significance. ISRN Radiol. 2014. 2014:365404. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

83. Lessick J, Mutlak D, Rispler S, et al. Comparison of multidetector computed tomography versus echocardiography for assessing regional left ventricular function. Am J Cardiol. 2005 Oct 1. 96(7):1011-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

84. Abunassar JG, Yam Y, Chen L, D'Mello N, Chow BJ. Usefulness of the Agatston score = 0 to exclude ischemic cardiomyopathy in patients with heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2011 Feb 1. 107(3):428-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

85. Levine A, Hecht HS. Cardiac CT angiography in congestive heart failure. J Nucl Med. 2015 Jun. 56 suppl 4:46S-51S. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

86. Bhatti S, Hakeem A, Yousuf MA, Al-Khalidi HR, Mazur W, Shizukuda Y. Diagnostic performance of computed tomography angiography for differentiating ischemic vs nonischemic cardiomyopathy. J Nucl Cardiol. 2011 May. 18(3):407-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

87. Maemura K, Ikeda Y, Oki T, et al. Clinical significance of ischemia-like electrocardiographic finding during heart failure treatment on left ventricular recovery in patients with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. J Cardiol. 2021 Feb 19. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

88. [Guideline] Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, et al, for the American College of Cardiology Foundation., American Heart Association. 2009 Focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2005 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Developed in Collaboration With the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009 Apr 14. 53(15):e1-e90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

89. [Guideline] Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, et al. 2016 ACC/AHA/HFSA focused update on new pharmacological therapy for heart failure: an update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016 Sep 27. 68(13):1476-88. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

90. Solomon SD, McMurray JJV, Anand IS, and the, Paragon-HF Investigators and Committees. Angiotensin-Neprilysin Inhibition in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. N Engl J Med. 2019 Oct 24. 381 (17):1609-1620. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

91. Swedberg K, Komajda M, Bohm M, et al, for the SHIFT Investigators. Effects on outcomes of heart rate reduction by ivabradine in patients with congestive heart failure: is there an influence of beta-blocker dose?: findings from the SHIFT (Systolic Heart failure treatment with the I(f) inhibitor ivabradine Trial) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012 May 29. 59(22):1938-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

92. Teerlink JR. Ivabradine in heart failure--no paradigm SHIFT…yet. Lancet. 2010 Sep 11. 376(9744):847-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

93. van Veldhuisen DJ, Genth-Zotz S, Brouwer J, et al. High- versus low-dose ACE inhibition in chronic heart failure: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of imidapril. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998 Dec. 32(7):1811-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

94. The CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS). N Engl J Med. 1987 Jun 4. 316(23):1429-35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

95. The SOLVD Investigators. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1991 Aug 1. 325(5):293-302. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

96. Packer M, Poole-Wilson PA, Armstrong PW, et al. Comparative effects of low and high doses of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, lisinopril, on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure. ATLAS Study Group. Circulation. 1999 Dec 7. 100(23):2312-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

97. Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moye LA, et al. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. The SAVE Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1992 Sep 3. 327(10):669-77. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

98. Poole-Wilson PA, Swedberg K, Cleland JG, et al, for the Carvedilol Or Metoprolol European Trial Investigators. Comparison of carvedilol and metoprolol on clinical outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure in the Carvedilol Or Metoprolol European Trial (COMET): randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2003 Jul 5. 362(9377):7-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

99. Flather MD, Shibata MC, Coats AJ, et al, for the SENIORS Investigators. Randomized trial to determine the effect of nebivolol on mortality and cardiovascular hospital admission in elderly patients with heart failure (SENIORS). Eur Heart J. 2005 Feb. 26(3):215-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

100. Waagstein F, Bristow MR, Swedberg K, et al. Beneficial effects of metoprolol in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Metoprolol in Dilated Cardiomyopathy (MDC) Trial Study Group. Lancet. 1993 Dec 11. 342(8885):1441-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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102. MERIT-HF Study Group. Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet. 1999 Jun 12. 353(9169):2001-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

103. Hjalmarson A, Goldstein S, Fagerberg B, et al. Effects of controlled-release metoprolol on total mortality, hospitalizations, and well-being in patients with heart failure: the Metoprolol CR/XL Randomized Intervention Trial in congestive heart failure (MERIT-HF). MERIT-HF Study Group. JAMA. 2000 Mar 8. 283(10):1295-302. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

104. CIBIS-II Investigators and Committees. The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial. Lancet. 1999 Jan 2. 353(9146):9-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

105. Packer M, Fowler MB, Roecker EB, et al, for the Carvedilol Prospective Randomized Cumulative Survival (COPERNICUS) Study Group. Effect of carvedilol on the morbidity of patients with severe chronic heart failure: results of the carvedilol prospective randomized cumulative survival (COPERNICUS) study. Circulation. 2002 Oct 22. 106(17):2194-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

106. Pitt B, Segal R, Martinez FA, Meurers G, et al. Randomised trial of losartan versus captopril in patients over 65 with heart failure (Evaluation of Losartan in the Elderly Study, ELITE). Lancet. 1997 Mar 15. 349(9054):747-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

107. Pitt B, Poole-Wilson P, Segal R, et al. Effects of losartan versus captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure: rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of patients in the Losartan Heart Failure Survival Study--ELITE II. J Card Fail. 1999 Jun. 5(2):146-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

108. McMurray JJ, Ostergren J, Swedberg K, et al, for the CHARM Investigators and Committees. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function taking angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Added trial. Lancet. 2003 Sep 6. 362(9386):767-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

109. Granger CB, McMurray JJ, Yusuf S, et al, for the CHARM Investigators and Committees. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function intolerant to angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Alternative trial. Lancet. 2003 Sep 6. 362(9386):772-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

110. Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1999 Sep 2. 341(10):709-17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

111. Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, et al, for the Eplerenone Post-Acute Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure Efficacy and Survival Study Investigators. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2003 Apr 3. 348(14):1309-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

112. Zannad F, McMurray JJ, Krum H, et al, for the EMPHASIS-HF Study Group. Eplerenone in patients with systolic heart failure and mild symptoms. N Engl J Med. 2011 Jan 6. 364(1):11-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

113. Jaeschke R, Oxman AD, Guyatt GH. To what extent do congestive heart failure patients in sinus rhythm benefit from digoxin therapy? A systematic overview and meta-analysis. Am J Med. 1990 Mar. 88(3):279-86. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

114. Rich MW, McSherry F, Williford WO, Yusuf S. Effect of age on mortality, hospitalizations and response to digoxin in patients with heart failure: the DIG study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001 Sep. 38(3):806-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

115. Cohn JN, Archibald DG, Ziesche S, et al. Effect of vasodilator therapy on mortality in chronic congestive heart failure. Results of a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study. N Engl J Med. 1986 Jun 12. 314(24):1547-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

116. Taylor AL, Ziesche S, Yancy C, et al, for the African-American Heart Failure Trial Investigators. Combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine in blacks with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2004 Nov 11. 351(20):2049-57. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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Vinh Q Nguyen, MD, FACC Assistant Professor of Cardiology, Baylor Scott and White Health-Temple

Vinh Q Nguyen, MD, FACC is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Cardiology, American Society of Echocardiography, Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Murat M Celebi, MD Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, Louisiana State University School of Medicine in New Orleans; Consulting Staff, Crescent City Cardiovascular Associates

Murat M Celebi, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Cardiology, Louisiana State Medical Society, Heart Rhythm Society, Orleans Parish Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Amer Suleman, MD Private Practice

Amer Suleman, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, American Heart Association, American Institute of Stress, American Society of Hypertension, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, Royal Society of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Gary Edward Sander, MD, PhD, FACC, FAHA, FACP, FASH Professor of Medicine, Director of CME Programs, Team Leader, Root Cause Analysis, Tulane University Heart and Vascular Institute; Director of In-Patient Cardiology, Tulane Service, University Hospital; Visiting Physician, Medical Center of Louisiana at New Orleans; Faculty, Pennington Biomedical Research Institute, Louisiana State University; Professor, Tulane University School of Medicine

Gary Edward Sander, MD, PhD, FACC, FAHA, FACP, FASH is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Chemical Society, American College of Cardiology, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Federation for Clinical Research, American Federation for Medical Research, American Heart Association, American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, American Society of Hypertension, American Thoracic Society, Heart Failure Society of America, National Lipid Association, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Gyanendra K Sharma, MD, FACC, FASE Professor of Medicine and Radiology, Director, Adult Echocardiography Laboratory, Section of Cardiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University

Gyanendra K Sharma, MD, FACC, FASE is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Cardiologists of Indian Origin, American Association of Physicians of Indian Origin, American College of Cardiology, American Society of Echocardiography, Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Vivek J Goswami, MD Director of Nuclear Cardiology, Austin Heart; Clinical Assistant Professor, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine

Vivek J Goswami, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Cardiology, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Heart Association, American Medical Association, Illinois State Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Frank E Wilklow, MD Principal Investigator, Sub-Investigator, Cardiovascular Research Lab, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center; Principal Investigator, Sub-Investigator, Gulf Regional Research and Education

Frank E Wilklow, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Cardiology, American College of Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Uche A Blackstock, MD Staff Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Kings County Hospital Center, State University of New York Downstate

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

David FM Brown, MD Associate Professor, Division of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Vice Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital

David FM Brown, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Robert E Fowles, MD Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of Utah College of Medicine; Consulting Staff, Intermountain Medical Center and LDS Hospital; Director and Consulting Staff, Department of Cardiology, Salt Lake Clinic

Robert E Fowles, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Cardiology, American College of Physicians, and American Heart Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

A Antoine Kazzi, MD Chair and Medical Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon

A Antoine Kazzi, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Heather Murphy-Lavoie, MD, FAAEM Assistant Professor, Section of Emergency Medicine and Hyperbaric Medicine, Louisiana State University School of Medicine in New Orleans; Clinical Instructor, Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine

Heather Murphy-Lavoie, MD, FAAEM is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, and Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Ronald J Oudiz, MD, FACP, FACC, FCCP Professor of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine; Director, Liu Center for Pulmonary Hypertension, Division of Cardiology, LA Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center

Ronald J Oudiz, MD, FACP, FACC, FCCP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Cardiology, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Heart Association, and American Thoracic Society

Disclosure: Actelion Grant/research funds Clinical Trials + honoraria; Encysive Grant/research funds Clinical Trials + honoraria; Gilead Grant/research funds Clinical Trials + honoraria; Pfizer Grant/research funds Clinical Trials + honoraria; United Therapeutics Grant/research funds Clinical Trials + honoraria; Lilly Grant/research funds Clinical Trials + honoraria; LungRx Clinical Trials + honoraria; Bayer Grant/research funds Consulting

Charles Preston, MD Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Section of Emergency Medicine, Charity Hospital, Louisiana State University

Charles Preston, MD is a member of the following medical socities: American Academy of Emergency Medicine and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Richard H Sinert, DO Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine, Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, Research Director, State University of New York College of Medicine; Consulting Staff, Department of Emergency Medicine, Kings County Hospital Center

Richard H Sinert, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Reference Salary Employment

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