Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis Questions & Answers

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2. Nainggolan L. Surgery is best for most patients, final SYNTAX data confirm. Heartwire from Medscape. Nov 1, 2012. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/773741. Accessed: November 19, 2012.

3. Serruys PW, Mohr FW, Hanisch M, et al. SYNTAX Study: TAXUS drug-eluting stent versus coronary artery bypass surgery for the treatment of narrowed arteries. ClinicalTrials.gov. May, 2010. Available at http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00114972. Accessed: November 19, 2012.

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6. Kovanen PT, Vuorio A. SARS-CoV-2 reinfection: adding insult to dysfunctional endothelium in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Atheroscler Plus. 2023 Sep. 53:1-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

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15. Chung CP, Oeser A, Raggi P, et al. Increased coronary-artery atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis: relationship to disease duration and cardiovascular risk factors. Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Oct. 52(10):3045-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

16. Lakka HM, Laaksonen DE, Lakka TA, et al. The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men. JAMA. 2002 Dec 4. 288(21):2709-16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

17. Deo R, Vittinghoff E, Lin F, et al. Risk factor and prediction modeling for sudden cardiac death in women with coronary artery disease. Arch Intern Med. 2011 Oct 24. 171(19):1703-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Semba RD, Cappola AR, Sun K, et al. Plasma klotho and cardiovascular disease in adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011 Sep. 59(9):1596-601. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

19. Guallar-Castillon P, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, et al. Consumption of fried foods and risk of coronary heart disease: Spanish cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study. BMJ. 2012 Jan 23. 344:e363. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

20. Schrott HG, Bittner V, Vittinghoff E, Herrington DM, Hulley S. Adherence to National Cholesterol Education Program Treatment goals in postmenopausal women with heart disease. The Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS). The HERS Research Group. JAMA. 1997 Apr 23-30. 277(16):1281-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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22. [Guideline] Goff DC Jr, Lloyd-Jones DM, Bennett G, et al, for the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014 Jun 24. 129(25 Suppl 2):S49-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

23. Pullen LC. Coronary CT angiography predicts cardiovascular risk. Medscape Medical News. December 6, 2013. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/817404. Accessed: December 18, 2013.

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25. Paynter NP, Mazer NA, Pradhan AD, Gaziano JM, Ridker PM, Cook NR. Cardiovascular risk prediction in diabetic men and women using hemoglobin A1c vs diabetes as a high-risk equivalent. Arch Intern Med. 2011 Oct 24. 171(19):1712-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

26. Goldsborough E 3rd, Tasdighi E, Blaha MJ. Assessment of cardiovascular disease risk: a 2023 update. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2023 Aug 1. 34 (4):162-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Chou R, for the High Value Care Task Force of the American College of Physicians. Cardiac screening with electrocardiography, stress echocardiography, or myocardial perfusion imaging: advice for high-value care from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2015 Mar 17. 162(6):438-47. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. O'Riordan M. Less is more? Multistage CVD screening could eliminate LDL lab tests. Medscape Medical News. January 21, 2014. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/819472. Accessed: January 26, 2014.

29. Pandya A, Weinstein MC, Salomon JA, Cutler D, Gaziano TA. Who needs laboratories and who needs statins? Comparative and cost-effectiveness analyses of non-laboratory-based, laboratory-based, and staged primary cardiovascular disease screening guidelines. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2014 Jan 1. 7(1):25-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

30. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, et al, for the Coordinating Committee of the National Cholesterol Education Program. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004 Aug 4. 44(3):720-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

31. Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002 Dec 17. 106(25):3143-421. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Stone NJ, Bilek S, Rosenbaum S. Recent National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III update: adjustments and options. Am J Cardiol. 2005 Aug 22. 96(4A):53E-59E. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. [Guideline] Goff DC Jr, Lloyd-Jones DM, Bennett G, et al, for the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014 Jun 24. 129(25 Suppl 2):S49-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

34. Wang TJ, Gona P, Larson MG, et al. Multiple biomarkers for the prediction of first major cardiovascular events and death. N Engl J Med. 2006 Dec 21. 355(25):2631-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

35. Ladwiniec A, Ettelaie C, Cunnington MS, et al. Biomarkers of coronary endothelial health: correlation with invasive measures of collateral function, flow and resistance in chronically occluded coronary arteries and the effect of recanalization. Coron Artery Dis. 2016 Jun. 27(4):287-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Einstein AJ, Johnson LL, Bokhari S, et al. Agreement of visual estimation of coronary artery calcium from low-dose CT attenuation correction scans in hybrid PET/CT and SPECT/CT with standard Agatston score. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010 Nov 30. 56(23):1914-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

37. Ferket BS, Genders TS, Colkesen EB, et al. Systematic review of guidelines on imaging of asymptomatic coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Apr 12. 57(15):1591-600. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Bamberg F, Sommer WH, Hoffmann V, et al. Meta-analysis and systematic review of the long-term predictive value of assessment of coronary atherosclerosis by contrast-enhanced coronary computed tomography angiography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Jun 14. 57(24):2426-36. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Glineur D, D'hoore W, de Kerchove L, et al. Angiographic predictors of 3-year patency of bypass grafts implanted on the right coronary artery system: A prospective randomized comparison of gastroepiploic artery, saphenous vein, and right internal thoracic artery grafts. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011 Nov. 142(5):980-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Wood S. Predicting coronary plaque rupture: new review IDs high-risk signs. Medscape Medical News. May 7, 2014. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/824752. Accessed: May 13, 2014.

41. Maurovich-Horvat P, Ferencik M, Voros S, Merkely B, Hoffmann U. Comprehensive plaque assessment by coronary CT angiography. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2014 Jul. 11(7):390-402. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Min JK, Dunning A, Lin FY, et al, for the CONFIRM Investigators. Age- and sex-related differences in all-cause mortality risk based on coronary computed tomography angiography findings results from the International Multicenter CONFIRM (Coronary CT Angiography Evaluation for Clinical Outcomes: An International Multicenter Registry) of 23,854 patients without known coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Aug 16. 58(8):849-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

43. O'Rourke RA, Brundage BH, Froelicher VF, et al. American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Expert Consensus Document on electron-beam computed tomography for the diagnosis and prognosis of coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000 Jul. 36(1):326-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

44. Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Sacco DE, Albers JJ. Lipid lowering and plaque regression. New insights into prevention of plaque disruption and clinical events in coronary disease. Circulation. 1993 Jun. 87(6):1781-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

45. Greenwood JP, Motwani M, Maredia N, et al. Comparison of cardiovascular magnetic resonance and single-photon emission computed tomography in women with suspected coronary artery disease from the Clinical Evaluation of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Coronary Heart Disease (CE-MARC) Trial. Circulation. 2014 Mar 11. 129(10):1129-38. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

46. Mc Ardle BA, Dowsley TF, deKemp RA, Wells GA, Beanlands RS. Does rubidium-82 PET have superior accuracy to SPECT perfusion imaging for the diagnosis of obstructive coronary disease?: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012 Oct 30. 60(18):1828-37. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

47. Boggs W. PET superior to SPECT for imaging occlusive coronary disease. Medscape Medical News. October 5, 2012. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/772063. Accessed: October 15, 2012.

48. Murthy VL, Naya M, Foster CR, et al. Improved cardiac risk assessment with noninvasive measures of coronary flow reserve. Circulation. 2011 Nov 15. 124(20):2215-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Koo BK, Erglis A, Doh JH, et al. Diagnosis of ischemia-causing coronary stenoses by noninvasive fractional flow reserve computed from coronary computed tomographic angiograms. Results from the prospective multicenter DISCOVER-FLOW (Diagnosis of Ischemia-Causing Stenoses Obtained Via Noninvasive Fractional Flow Reserve) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Nov 1. 58(19):1989-97. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

50. El-Shafei A, Chiravuri R, Stikovac MM, et al. Comparison of relative coronary Doppler flow velocity reserve to stress myocardial perfusion imaging in patients with coronary artery disease. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2001 Jun. 53(2):193-201. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Schoenhagen P, Ziada KM, Kapadia SR, Crowe TD, Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM. Extent and direction of arterial remodeling in stable versus unstable coronary syndromes : an intravascular ultrasound study. Circulation. 2000 Feb 15. 101(6):598-603. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

52. Nicholls SJ, Brewer HB, Kastelein JJ, et al. Effects of the CETP inhibitor evacetrapib administered as monotherapy or in combination with statins on HDL and LDL cholesterol: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2011 Nov 16. 306(19):2099-109. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Winchester DE, Wen X, Xie L, Bavry AA. Evidence of pre-procedural statin therapy a meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010 Sep 28. 56(14):1099-109. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

54. Kulik A, Voisine P, Mathieu P, et al. Statin therapy and saphenous vein graft disease after coronary bypass surgery: analysis from the CASCADE randomized trial. Ann Thorac Surg. 2011 Oct. 92(4):1284-90; discussion 1290-1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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56. O'Riordan M. New cholesterol guidelines abandon LDL targets. Heartwire from Medscape Medical News. November 14, 2013. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/814152. Accessed: November 18, 2013.

57. [Guideline] Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, et al, for the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014 Jun 24. 129(25 Suppl 2):S1-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

58. Pencina MJ, Navar-Boggan AM, D'Agostino RB Sr, et al. Application of new cholesterol guidelines to a population-based sample. N Engl J Med. 2014 Apr 10. 370(15):1422-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

59. O'Riordan M. New guidelines extend statins to 13M more Americans. Heartwire from Medscape Medical News. March 19, 2014. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/822210. Accessed: March 25, 2014.

60. Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D, et al. Diabetes, plasma insulin, and cardiovascular disease: subgroup analysis from the Department of Veterans Affairs high-density lipoprotein intervention trial (VA-HIT). Arch Intern Med. 2002 Dec 9-23. 162(22):2597-604. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

61. Robins SJ, Rubins HB, Faas FH, et al. Insulin resistance and cardiovascular events with low HDL cholesterol: the Veterans Affairs HDL Intervention Trial (VA-HIT). Diabetes Care. 2003 May. 26(5):1513-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

62. Pitt B, O'Neill B, Feldman R, et al. The QUinapril Ischemic Event Trial (QUIET): evaluation of chronic ACE inhibitor therapy in patients with ischemic heart disease and preserved left ventricular function. Am J Cardiol. 2001 May 1. 87(9):1058-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

63. Lonn E, Yusuf S, Dzavik V, et al. Effects of ramipril and vitamin E on atherosclerosis: the study to evaluate carotid ultrasound changes in patients treated with ramipril and vitamin E (SECURE). Circulation. 2001 Feb 20. 103(7):919-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

64. Mancini GB, Henry GC, Macaya C, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition with quinapril improves endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. The TREND (Trial on Reversing ENdothelial Dysfunction) Study. Circulation. 1996 Aug 1. 94(3):258-65. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

65. Kostis WJ, Cheng JQ, Dobrzynski JM, Cabrera J, Kostis JB. Meta-analysis of statin effects in women versus men. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012 Feb 7. 59(6):572-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

66. Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Niskanen L, et al. Effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition compared with conventional therapy on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Captopril Prevention Project (CAPPP) randomised trial. Lancet. 1999 Feb 20. 353(9153):611-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

67. Hegele RA. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition in the secondary prevention of vascular disease: the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) Trial and its substudies. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2000 Sep. 2(5):361-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

68. Abraham NS, Hlatky MA, Antman EM, et al. ACCF/ACG/AHA 2010 Expert Consensus Document on the concomitant use of proton pump inhibitors and thienopyridines: a focused update of the ACCF/ACG/AHA 2008 expert consensus document on reducing the gastrointestinal risks of antiplatelet therapy and NSAID use: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Expert Consensus Documents. Circulation. 2010 Dec 14. 122(24):2619-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

69. [Guideline] Valgimigli M, Bueno H, Byrne RA, et al, for the ESC Scientific Document Group, ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG), et al. 2017 ESC focused update on dual antiplatelet therapy in coronary artery disease developed in collaboration with EACTS: The Task Force for dual antiplatelet therapy in coronary artery disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J. 2018 Jan 14. 39(3):213-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

70. Hughes S. ESC guideline update on dual antiplatelet therapy in CAD. Medscape Medical News. September 14, 2017. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/885683. Accessed: January 12, 2018.

71. Gaziano JM, Brotons C, Coppolecchia R, et al, for the ARRIVE Executive Committee. Use of aspirin to reduce risk of initial vascular events in patients at moderate risk of cardiovascular disease (ARRIVE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2018 Sep 22. 392(10152):1036-46. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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73. McNeil JJ, Woods RL, Nelson MR, et al, for the ASPREE Investigator Group. Effect of aspirin on disability-free survival in the healthy elderly. N Engl J Med. 2018 Oct 18. 379(16):1499-1508. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

74. McNeil JJ, Nelson MR, Woods RL, et al, for the ASPREE Investigator Group. Effect of aspirin on all-cause mortality in the healthy elderly. N Engl J Med. 2018 Oct 18. 379(16):1519-28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

75. Zheng SL, Roddick AJ. Association of aspirin use for primary prevention with cardiovascular events and bleeding events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2019 Jan 22. 321 (3):277-87. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

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78. Mehta SR, Yusuf S. The Clopidogrel in Unstable angina to prevent Recurrent Events (CURE) trial programme; rationale, design and baseline characteristics including a meta-analysis of the effects of thienopyridines in vascular disease. Eur Heart J. 2000 Dec. 21(24):2033-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

79. Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2007 Nov 15. 357(20):2001-15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

80. Boggs W. Low-dose prasugrel effective in elderly heart patients. Medscape Medical News. June 10, 2013. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/805548. Accessed: June 15, 2013.

81. Erlinge D, Gurbel PA, James S, et al. Prasugrel 5 mg in the very elderly attenuates platelet inhibition but maintains noninferiority to prasugrel 10 mg in nonelderly patients: the GENERATIONS trial, a pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic study in stable coronary artery disease patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013 Aug 13. 62(7):577-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

82. Grady D, Herrington D, Bittner V, et al. Cardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study follow-up (HERS II). JAMA. 2002 Jul 3. 288(1):49-57. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

83. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, et al, for the Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002 Jul 17. 288(3):321-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

84. Rossouw JE. Hormones for coronary disease-full circle. Lancet. 2002 Dec 21-28. 360(9350):1996-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

85. Anderson JL, Muhlestein JB, Carlquist J, et al. Randomized secondary prevention trial of azithromycin in patients with coronary artery disease and serological evidence for Chlamydia pneumoniae infection: The Azithromycin in Coronary Artery Disease: Elimination of Myocardial Infection with Chlamydia (ACADEMIC) study. Circulation. 1999 Mar 30. 99(12):1540-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

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87. Stone AF, Mendall MA, Kaski JC, et al. Effect of treatment for Chlamydia pneumoniae and Helicobacter pylori on markers of inflammation and cardiac events in patients with acute coronary syndromes: South Thames Trial of Antibiotics in Myocardial Infarction and Unstable Angina (STAMINA). Circulation. 2002 Sep 3. 106(10):1219-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

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90. Hlatky MA, Boothroyd DB, Bravata DM, et al. Coronary artery bypass surgery compared with percutaneous coronary interventions for multivessel disease: a collaborative analysis of individual patient data from ten randomised trials. Lancet. 2009 Apr 4. 373(9670):1190-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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92. Boden WE, O'Rourke RA, Teo KK, et al, for the COURAGE Trial Research Group. Optimal medical therapy with or without PCI for stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2007 Apr 12. 356(15):1503-16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

93. Stone GW, Maehara A, Lansky AJ, et al, for the PROSPECT Investigators. A prospective natural-history study of coronary atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2011 Jan 20. 364(3):226-35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

94. Stiles S. ESC refreshes guidelines for stable CAD, CVD with diabetes. Heartwire from Medscape. September 2, 2013. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/810341. Accessed: September 10, 2013.

95. [Guideline] Montalescot G, Sechtem U, Achenbach S, et al, for the Task Force Members. 2013 ESC guidelines on the management of stable coronary artery disease: the Task Force on the management of stable coronary artery disease of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2013 Oct. 34(38):2949-3003. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

96. [Guideline] Ryden L, Grant PJ, Anker SD, et al, for the European Society of Cardiology, European Association for the Study of Diabetes Task Forces. ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD: the Task Force on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and developed in collaboration with the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Eur Heart J. 2013 Oct. 34 (39):3035-87. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

97. Sinha R, Cross AJ, Graubard BI, Leitzmann MF, Schatzkin A. Meat intake and mortality: a prospective study of over half a million people. Arch Intern Med. 2009 Mar 23. 169(6):562-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

98. Ferdowsian HR, Barnard ND. Effects of plant-based diets on plasma lipids. Am J Cardiol. 2009 Oct 1. 104(7):947-56. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

99. Streppel MT, Ocke MC, Boshuizen HC, Kok FJ, Kromhout D. Long-term wine consumption is related to cardiovascular mortality and life expectancy independently of moderate alcohol intake: the Zutphen Study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2009 Jul. 63(7):534-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

100. Djousse L, Lee IM, Buring JE, Gaziano JM. Alcohol consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease and death in women: potential mediating mechanisms. Circulation. 2009 Jul 21. 120(3):237-44. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

101. Lew JQ, Freedman ND, Leitzmann MF, et al. Alcohol and risk of breast cancer by histologic type and hormone receptor status in postmenopausal women: the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2009 Aug 1. 170(3):308-17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

102. [Guideline] Arnett DK, Blumenthal RS, Albert MA, et al. 2019 ACC/AHA guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular Disease: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2019 Sep 10. 140(11):e563-e595. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

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Sandy N Shah, DO, MBA, FACC, FACP, FACOI Cardiologist

Sandy N Shah, DO, MBA, FACC, FACP, FACOI is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Cardiology, American College of Osteopathic Internists, American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, American Osteopathic Association, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Yasmine S Ali, MD, MSCI, FACC, FACP Assistant Clinical Professor of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; President, LastSky Writing, LLC

Yasmine S Ali, MD, MSCI, FACC, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Cardiology, American College of Physicians, American Heart Association, American Medical Association, American Medical Writers Association, National Lipid Association, Tennessee Medical Association

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant or trustee for: LastSky Writing;Philips Healthcare;M Health;Verywell Health; MedStudy;WellnessVerge;Prose Media; AKH, Inc.; LearnRoll, LLC; Eradigm; RxCe.com; M3 USA; M3 EU; Future US Inc.; Edanz Group; ChesterPA511<br/>Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: RxCe.com.

F Brian Boudi, MD, FACP Clinical Associate Professor, University of Arizona College of Medicine (Phoenix Campus); Fellow, Sarver Heart Center, University of Arizona College of Medicine; Regional Faculty, American Heart Association; Adjunct Assistant Professor of Medicine, Mid-Western University; Staff Physician, Site Director for Clinical Rotations Emergency Medicine, Phoenix Veterans Administration Health Care System

F Brian Boudi, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Cardiology, American College of Physicians, American Society of Echocardiography, Arizona Medical Association, Association of Program Directors in Internal Medicine, American College of Healthcare Executives, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chowdhury H Ahsan, MD, PhD, MRCP, FSCAI Clinical Professor of Medicine, Director of Cardiac Catheterization and Intervention, Marlon Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory, Director of Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center, University of Nevada School of Medicine

Chowdhury H Ahsan, MD, PhD, MRCP, FSCAI is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Cardiology, American College of Physicians, American Heart Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, American Stroke Association

Disclosure: Received consulting fee from sanofi for consulting; Received honoraria from astra zeneca for speaking and teaching; Received honoraria from BI for speaking and teaching.

Steven J Compton, MD, FACC, FACP Director of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Alaska Heart Institute, Providence and Alaska Regional Hospitals

Steven J Compton, MD, FACC, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: Alaska State Medical Association, American College of Cardiology, American College of Physicians, American Heart Association, American Medical Association, and Heart Rhythm Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

John A McPherson, MD, FACC, FAHA, FSCAI Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Director of Cardiovascular Intensive Care Unit, Vanderbilt Heart and Vascular Institute

John A McPherson, MD, FACC, FAHA, FSCAI is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Cardiology, American Heart Association, Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions, Society of Critical Care Medicine, and Tennessee Medical Association

Disclosure: CardioDx Consulting fee Consulting; Gilead Consulting fee Consulting; Abbott Vascular Corp. Consulting fee Consulting

James L Orford, MBChB

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Andrew P Selwyn, MD, MA, FACC, FRCP

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

George A Stouffer III, MD Henry A Foscue Distinguished Professor of Medicine and Cardiology, Director of Interventional Cardiology, Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory, Chief of Clinical Cardiology, Division of Cardiology, University of North Carolina Medical Center

George A Stouffer III, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Cardiology, American College of Physicians, American Heart Association, Phi Beta Kappa, and Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

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