Montaudon M, Roubertie F, Bire F, Laurent F. Congenital pericardial defect: report of two cases and literature review. Surg Radiol Anat. 2007 Apr. 29(3):195-200. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kuvin JT, Harati NA, Pandian NG, Bojar RM, Khabbaz KR. Postoperative cardiac tamponade in the modern surgical era. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002 Oct. 74(4):1148-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Tsang TS, Barnes ME, Hayes SN, et al. Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of significant pericardial effusions following cardiothoracic surgery and outcomes of echo-guided pericardiocentesis for management: Mayo Clinic experience, 1979-1998. Chest. 1999 Aug. 116(2):322-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ciliberto GR, Anjos MC, Gronda E, et al. Significance of pericardial effusion after heart transplantation. Am J Cardiol. 1995 Aug 1. 76(4):297-300. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Rosenbaum E, Krebs E, Cohen M, et al. The spectrum of clinical manifestations, outcome and treatment of pericardial tamponade in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a retrospective study and literature review. Lupus. 2009 Jun. 18(7):608-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Biteker FS, Biteker M, Basaran O, et al. A small pericardial effusion is a marker of complicated hospitalization in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. J Crit Care. 2017 Nov 23. 44:294-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Bussani R, De-Giorgio F, Abbate A, Silvestri F. Cardiac metastases. J Clin Pathol. 2007 Jan. 60(1):27-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Meenakshisundaram R, Sweni S, Thirumalaikolundusubramanian P. Cardiac isoform of alpha 2 macroglobulin: a marker of cardiac involvement in pediatric HIV and AIDS. Pediatr Cardiol. 2010 Feb. 31(2):203-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Lind A, Reinsch N, Neuhaus K, et al. Pericardial effusion of HIV-infected patients? Results of a prospective multicenter cohort study in the era of antiretroviral therapy. Eur J Med Res. 2011 Nov 10. 16(11):480-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Natanzon A, Kronzon I. Pericardial and pleural effusions in congestive heart failure-anatomical, pathophysiologic, and clinical considerations. Am J Med Sci. 2009 Sep. 338(3):211-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Troughton RW, Asher CR, Klein AL. Pericarditis. Lancet. 2004 Feb 28. 363(9410):717-27. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Imazio M, Brucato A, Cumetti D, et al. Corticosteroids for recurrent pericarditis: high versus low doses: a nonrandomized observation. Circulation. 2008 Aug 5. 118(6):667-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Leonardi A, Penta L, Cofini M, Lanciotti L, Principi N, Esposito S. Pericardial effusion as a presenting symptom of Hashimoto thyroiditis: a case report. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017 Dec 14. 14(12):[QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Permanyer-Miralda G, Sagrista-Sauleda J, Soler-Soler J. Primary acute pericardial disease: a prospective series of 231 consecutive patients. Am J Cardiol. 1985 Oct 1. 56(10):623-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ben-Horin S, Bank I, Shinfeld A, Kachel E, Guetta V, Livneh A. Diagnostic value of the biochemical composition of pericardial effusions in patients undergoing pericardiocentesis. Am J Cardiol. 2007 May 1. 99(9):1294-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Refaat MM, Katz WE. Neoplastic pericardial effusion. Clin Cardiol. 2011 Oct. 34(10):593-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Nugue O, Millaire A, Porte H, et al. Pericardioscopy in the etiologic diagnosis of pericardial effusion in 141 consecutive patients. Circulation. 1996 Oct 1. 94(7):1635-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Hoit BD. Pericardial disease and pericardial tamponade. Crit Care Med. 2007 Aug. 35(8 Suppl):S355-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Karia DH, Xing YQ, Kuvin JT, Nesser HJ, Pandian NG. Recent role of imaging in the diagnosis of pericardial disease. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2002 Jan. 4(1):33-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Horowitz MS, Schultz CS, Stinson EB, Harrison DC, Popp RL. Sensitivity and specificity of echocardiographic diagnosis of pericardial effusion. Circulation. 1974 Aug 1. 50:239-47. [Full Text].
Faehnrich JA, Noone RB Jr, White WD, et al. Effects of positive-pressure ventilation, pericardial effusion, and cardiac tamponade on respiratory variation in transmitral flow velocities. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2003 Feb. 17(1):45-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Taguchi R, Takasu J, Itani Y, et al. Pericardial fat accumulation in men as a risk factor for coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis. 2001 Jul. 157(1):203-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Iacobellis G, Leonetti F. Epicardial adipose tissue and insulin resistance in obese subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Nov. 90(11):6300-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Restrepo CS, Lemos DF, Lemos JA, et al. Imaging findings in cardiac tamponade with emphasis on CT. Radiographics. 2007 Nov-Dec. 27(6):1595-610. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Watanabe A, Hara Y, Hamada M, et al. A case of effusive-constructive pericarditis: an efficacy of GD-DTPA enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to detect a pericardial thickening. Magn Reson Imaging. 1998 Apr. 16(3):347-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Spodick DH. Acute cardiac tamponade. N Engl J Med. 2003 Aug 14. 349(7):684-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Bruch C, Schmermund A, Dagres N, et al. Changes in QRS voltage in cardiac tamponade and pericardial effusion: reversibility after pericardiocentesis and after anti-inflammatory drug treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001 Jul. 38(1):219-26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
[Guideline] Maisch B, Seferovic PM, Ristic AD, et al. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases executive summary; The Task force on the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2004 Apr. 25(7):587-610. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Meurin P, Tabet JY, Thabut G, et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug treatment for postoperative pericardial effusion: a multicenter randomized, double-blind trial. Ann Intern Med. 2010 Feb 2. 152(3):137-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Imazio M, Bobbio M, Cecchi E, et al. Colchicine in addition to conventional therapy for acute pericarditis: results of the COlchicine for acute PEricarditis (COPE) trial. Circulation. 2005 Sep 27. 112(13):2012-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Imazio M, Cecchi E, Ierna S, Trinchero R. Investigation on colchicine for acute pericarditis: a multicenter randomized placebo-controlled trial evaluating the clinical benefits of colchicine as adjunct to conventional therapy in the treatment and prevention of pericarditis; study design and rationale. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2007 Aug. 8(8):613-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Maisch B, Ristic AD, Pankuweit S. Intrapericardial treatment of autoreactive pericardial effusion with triamcinolone; the way to avoid side effects of systemic corticosteroid therapy. Eur Heart J. 2002 Oct. 23(19):1503-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Tsang TS, Enriquez-Sarano M, Freeman WK, et al. Consecutive 1127 therapeutic echocardiographically guided pericardiocenteses: clinical profile, practice patterns, and outcomes spanning 21 years. Mayo Clin Proc. 2002 May. 77(5):429-36. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Klein SV, Afridi H, Agarwal D, Coughlin BF, Schielke LH. CT directed diagnostic and therapeutic pericardiocentesis: 8-year experience at a single institution. Emerg Radiol. 2005 Nov. 11(6):353-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Eichler K, Zangos S, Thalhammer A, et al. CT-guided pericardiocenteses: clinical profile, practice patterns and clinical outcome. Eur J Radiol. 2010 Jul. 75(1):28-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Palmer SL, Kelly PD, Schenkel FA, Barr ML. CT-guided tube pericardiostomy: a safe and effective technique in the management of postsurgical pericardial effusion. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009 Oct. 193(4):W314-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Motas C, Motas N, Rus O, Horvat T. Left paraxiphoidian approach for drainage of pericardial effusions. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2010 Jan. 10(1):4-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Palma JH, Gaia DF, Guilhen JC, et al. Video-thoracoscopic pericardial drainage in the treatment of pericardial effusions. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2009 Mar. 24(1):44-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Allen KB, Faber LP, Warren WH. Pericardial effusion: subxiphoid pericardiostomy versus percutaneous catheter drainage. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999 Feb. 67(2):437-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Artom G, Koren-Morag N, Spodick DH, et al. Pretreatment with corticosteroids attenuates the efficacy of colchicine in preventing recurrent pericarditis: a multi-centre all-case analysis. Eur Heart J. 2005 Apr. 26(7):723-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Barbaro G. Cardiovascular manifestations of HIV infection. Circulation. 2002 Sep 10. 106(11):1420-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Moore KL, Persaud TVN. Before We Are Born: Essentials of Embryology and Birth Defects. 4th ed. Philadelphia: W B Saunders Co; 1993.
Bonnefoy E, Godon P, Kirkorian G, Fatemi M, Chevalier P, Touboul P. Serum cardiac troponin I and ST-segment elevation in patients with acute pericarditis. Eur Heart J. 2000 May. 21(10):832-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Braunwald E. Cardiology: how did we get here, where are we today and where are we going?. Can J Cardiol. 2005 Oct. 21(12):1015-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Lorell B. Pericardial diseases. Braunwald E, ed. Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 5th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company; 1997. 1478-96.
[Guideline] Cheitlin MD, Alpert JS, Armstrong WF. ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Echocardiography. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Clinical Application of Echocardiography). Developed in coll. Circulation. 1997 Mar 18. 95(6):1686-744. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Chen Y, Brennessel D, Walters J. Human immunodeficiency virus-associated pericardial effusion: report of 40 cases and review of the literature. Am Heart J. 1999 Mar. 137(3):516-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Chong HH, Plotnick GD. Pericardial effusion and tamponade: evaluation, imaging modalities, and management. Compr Ther. 1995 Jul. 21(7):378-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Eisenberg MJ, de Romeral LM, Heidenreich PA. The diagnosis of pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade by 12-lead ECG. A technology assessment. Chest. 1996 Aug. 110(2):318-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Fagan SM, Chan KL. Pericardiocentesis: blind no more! [editorial; comment]. Chest. 1999 Aug. 116(2):275-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Feigenbaum, H. Echocardiography. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1994: 556-74.
Flores RM, Jaklitsch MT, DeCamp MM Jr. Video-assisted thoracic surgery pericardial resection for effusive disease. Chest Surg Clin N Am. 1998 Nov. 8(4):835-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Guberman BA, Fowler NO, Engel PJ. Cardiac tamponade in medical patients. Circulation. 1981 Sep. 64(3):633-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Heidenreich PA, Eisenberg MJ, Kee LL. Pericardial effusion in AIDS. Incidence and survival. Circulation. 1995 Dec 1. 92(11):3229-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ilan Y, Oren R, Ben-Chetrit E. Etiology, treatment, and prognosis of large pericardial effusions. A study of 34 patients. Chest. 1991 Oct. 100(4):985-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Imazio M, Demichelis B, Cecchi E, et al. Cardiac troponin I in acute pericarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 Dec 17. 42(12):2144-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Imazio M, Demichelis B, Parrini I, et al. Day-hospital treatment of acute pericarditis: a management program for outpatient therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004 Mar 17. 43(6):1042-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kasper D, Branunwald E, Fauci AS, Hauser S, Longo D, Jameson JL. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 16th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional; 2005. 1414-20.
Kimberly RP. Treatment. Corticosteroids and anti-inflammatory drugs. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1988 Apr. 14(1):203-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kocheril AG, Luttmann C, Sadaniantz A. Pneumococcal pericarditis successfully treated with catheter drainage and intravenous antibiotics. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1991 Dec. 24(4):286-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Lange RA, Hillis LD. Clinical practice. Acute pericarditis. N Engl J Med. 2004 Nov 18. 351(21):2195-202. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Little WC, Freeman GL. Pericardial disease. Circulation. 2006 Mar 28. 113(12):1622-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Maher EA, Shepherd FA, Todd TJ. Pericardial sclerosis as the primary management of malignant pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1996 Sep. 112(3):637-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Maisch B. Pericardial diseases, with a focus on etiology, pathogenesis, pathophysiology, new diagnostic imaging methods, and treatment. Curr Opin Cardiol. 1994 May. 9(3):379-88. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Maisch B, Ristic AD, Pankuweit S. Intrapericardial treatment of autoreactive pericardial effusion with triamcinolone; the way to avoid side effects of systemic corticosteroid therapy. Eur Heart J. 2002 Oct. 23(19):1503-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Mangan CM. Malignant pericardial effusions: pathophysiology and clinical correlates. Oncol Nurs Forum. 1992 Sep. 19(8):1215-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Maruyama R, Yokoyama H, Seto T, et al. Catheter drainage followed by the instillation of bleomycin to manage malignant pericardial effusion in non-small cell lung cancer: a multi-institutional phase II trial. J Thorac Oncol. 2007 Jan. 2(1):65-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Mayosi BM, Burgess LJ, Doubell AF. Tuberculous pericarditis. Circulation. 2005 Dec 6. 112(23):3608-16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Merce J, Sagrista-Sauleda J, Permanyer-Miralda G, Evangelista A, Soler-Soler J. Correlation between clinical and Doppler echocardiographic findings in patients with moderate and large pericardial effusion: implications for the diagnosis of cardiac tamponade. Am Heart J. 1999 Oct. 138(4 Pt 1):759-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Meyers DG, Bagin RG, Levene JF. Electrocardiographic changes in pericardial effusion. Chest. 1993 Nov. 104(5):1422-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Meyers DG, Meyers RE, Prendergast TW. The usefulness of diagnostic tests on pericardial fluid. Chest. 1997 May. 111(5):1213-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Naqvi TZ, Huynh HK. A new window of opportunity in echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2006 May. 19(5):569-77. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Nugue O, Millaire A, Porte H. Pericardioscopy in the etiologic diagnosis of pericardial effusion in 141 consecutive patients. Circulation. 1996 Oct 1. 94(7):1635-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Pankuweit S, Ristic AD, Seferovic PM, Maisch B. Bacterial pericarditis: diagnosis and management. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2005. 5(2):103-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Press OW, Livingston R. Management of malignant pericardial effusion and tamponade. JAMA. 1987 Feb 27. 257(8):1088-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Retter AS. Pericardial disease in the oncology patient. Heart Dis. 2002 Nov-Dec. 4(6):387-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ruiz-Garcia J, Jimenez-Valero S, Moreno R, et al. Percutaneous balloon pericardiotomy as the initial and definitive treatment for malignant pericardial effusion. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed). 2013 May. 66(5):357-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Sagrista-Sauleda J, Angel J, Permanyer-Miralda G. Long-term follow-up of idiopathic chronic pericardial effusion. N Engl J Med. 1999 Dec 30. 341(27):2054-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Shabetai R. Recurrent pericarditis: recent advances and remaining questions. Circulation. 2005 Sep 27. 112(13):1921-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Silva-Cardoso J, Moura B, Martins L. Pericardial involvement in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Chest. 1999 Feb. 115(2):418-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Spodick DH. Acute pericarditis: current concepts and practice. JAMA. 2003 Mar 5. 289(9):1150-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Spodick DH. Intrapericardial treatment of persistent autoreactive pericarditis/myopericarditis and pericardial effusion. Eur Heart J. 2002 Oct. 23(19):1481-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Spodick DH. The technique of pericardiocentesis. When to perform it and how to minimize complications. J Crit Illn. 1995 Nov. 10(11):807-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Vaitkus PT, Herrmann HC, LeWinter MM. Treatment of malignant pericardial effusion. JAMA. 1994 Jul 6. 272(1):59-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Weisse AB, Desai RR, Rajihah G. Contrast echocardiography as an adjunct in hemorrhagic or complicated pericardiocentesis. Am Heart J. 1996 Apr. 131(4):822-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Weitzman LB, Tinker WP, Kronzon I, Cohen ML, Glassman E, Spencer FC. The incidence and natural history of pericardial effusion after cardiac surgery--an echocardiographic study. Circulation. 1984 Mar. 69(3):506-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Zhang P, Liegeois NJ, Wong C, et al. Altered cell differentiation and proliferation in mice lacking p57KIP2 indicates a role in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Nature. 1997 May 8. 387(6629):151-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Fenstad ER, Le RJ, Sinak LJ, et al. Pericardial effusions in pulmonary arterial hypertension: characteristics, prognosis, and role of drainage. Chest. 2013 Nov. 144(5):1530-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Celik S, Lestuzzi C, Cervesato E, et al. Systemic chemotherapy in combination with pericardial window has better outcomes in malignant pericardial effusions. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014 Nov. 148(5):2288-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Andreasen JJ, Sorensen GV, Abrahamsen ER, et al. Early chest tube removal following cardiac surgery is associated with pleural and/or pericardial effusions requiring invasive treatment. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2016 Jan. 49(1):288-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Izadi Amoli A, Bozorgi A, HajHossein et al. Efficacy of colchicine versus placebo for the treatment of pericardial effusion after open-heart surgery: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am Heart J. 2015 Dec. 170(6):1195-201. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Sagrista-Sauleda J, Merce AS, Soler-Soler J. Diagnosis and management of pericardial effusion. World J Cardiol. 2011 May 26. 3(5):135-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Alerhand S, Carter JM. What echocardiographic findings suggest a pericardial effusion is causing tamponade?. Am J Emerg Med. 2018 Nov 17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kazantzis T, Bibas BJ, Dela-Vega AJ, et al. Predictors of hospital discharge in cancer patients with pericardial effusion undergoing surgical pericardial drainage. J Surg Oncol. 2018 Nov 22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].