Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) Questions & Answers

1. [Guideline] Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al; ACC, AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines, SCAI, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients with Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Dec 23. 64 (24):e139-228. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. [Guideline] O'Gara PT, Kushner FG, Ascheim DD, et al, American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2013 Jan 29. 127 (4):e362-425. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. [Guideline] Levine GN, Bates ER, Blankenship JC, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions. Circulation. 2011 Dec 6. 124 (23):e574-651. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

4. Mahmoud AN, Elgendy IY, Mentias A, et al. Percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting for unprotected left main coronary artery disease. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2017 Oct 1. 90(4):541-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Zhang XL, Zhu QQ, Yang JJ, et al. Percutaneous intervention versus coronary artery bypass graft surgery in left main coronary artery stenosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2017 Apr 21. 15(1):84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

6. Khan MR, Kayani WT, Ahmad W, et al. Comparison of percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary artery bypass grafting in older adults with unprotected left main coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis and metaregression. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019 Mar. 73(9 Suppl 1):[Full Text].

7. [Guideline] Patel MR, Dehmer GJ, Hirshfeld JW, et al, for the Coronary Revascularization Writing Group, et al. ACCF/SCAI/STS/AATS/AHA/ASNC/HFSA/SCCT 2012 appropriate use criteria for coronary revascularization focused update: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American Heart Association, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, and the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012. 143(4):780-803. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

8. Rao SV, Kaltenbach LA, Weintraub WS, et al. Prevalence and outcomes of same-day discharge after elective percutaneous coronary intervention among older patients. JAMA. 2011. 306(13):1461-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

9. Abdelaal E, Rao SV, Gilchrist IC, et al. Same-day discharge compared with overnight hospitalization after uncomplicated percutaneous coronary intervention: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JACC Cardiovasc Intervent. 2013. 6(2):99-112. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

10. Brayton KM, Patel VG, Stave C, de Lemos JA, Kumbhani DJ. Same-day discharge after percutaneous coronary intervention: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013. 62(4):275-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Fox KA, Poole-Wilson P, Clayton TC, et al. 5-year outcome of an interventional strategy in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome: the British Heart Foundation RITA 3 randomised trial. Lancet. 2005. 366(9489):914-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Fox KA, Poole-Wilson PA, Henderson RA, Clayton TC, Chamberlain DA, Shaw TR, et al. Interventional versus conservative treatment for patients with unstable angina or non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: the British Heart Foundation RITA 3 randomised trial. Randomized Intervention Trial of unstable Angina. Lancet. 2002. 360(9335):743-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Parisi AF, Folland ED, Hartigan P. A comparison of angioplasty with medical therapy in the treatment of single-vessel coronary artery disease. Veterans Affairs ACME Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1992. 326(1):10-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Coronary angioplasty versus medical therapy for angina: the second Randomised Intervention Treatment of Angina (RITA-2) trial. RITA-2 trial participants. Lancet. 1997 Aug 16. 350 (9076):461-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Pitt B, Waters D, Brown WV, et al. Aggressive lipid-lowering therapy compared with angioplasty in stable coronary artery disease. Atorvastatin versus Revascularization Treatment Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1999. 341(2):70-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

16. Teo KK, Sedlis SP, Boden WE, et al, for the COURAGE Trial Investigators. Optimal medical therapy with or without percutaneous coronary intervention in older patients with stable coronary disease: a pre-specified subset analysis of the COURAGE (Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive druG Evaluation) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009 Sep 29. 54 (14):1303-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Hueb W, Soares PR, Gersh BJ, et al. The medicine, angioplasty, or surgery study (MASS-II): a randomized, controlled clinical trial of three therapeutic strategies for multivessel coronary artery disease: one-year results. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004. 43(10):1743-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Hueb WA, Soares PR, Almeida De Oliveira S, et al. Five-year follow-up of the medicine, angioplasty, or surgery study (MASS): A prospective, randomized trial of medical therapy, balloon angioplasty, or bypass surgery for single proximal left anterior descending coronary artery stenosis. Circulation. 1999 Nov 9. 100 (19 Suppl):II107-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Stone GW, Lansky AJ, Pocock SJ, et al, for the HORIZONS-AMI Trial Investigators. Paclitaxel-eluting stents versus bare-metal stents in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2009. 360(19):1946-59. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Henderson RA, Pocock SJ, Sharp SJ, et al. Long-term results of RITA-1 trial: clinical and cost comparisons of coronary angioplasty and coronary-artery bypass grafting. Randomised Intervention Treatment of Angina. Lancet. 1998. 352(9138):1419-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Henderson RA, Pocock SJ, Clayton TC, et al. Seven-year outcome in the RITA-2 trial: coronary angioplasty versus medical therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003. 42(7):1161-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Alderman EL, Kip KE, Whitlow PL, et al, for the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation. Native coronary disease progression exceeds failed revascularization as cause of angina after five years in the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004. 44(4):766-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Pocock SJ, Henderson RA, Rickards AF, et al. Meta-analysis of randomised trials comparing coronary angioplasty with bypass surgery. Lancet. 1995 Nov 4. 346 (8984):1184-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Rodriguez A, Boullon F, Perez-Balino N, Paviotti C, Liprandi MI, Palacios IF. Argentine randomized trial of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty versus coronary artery bypass surgery in multivessel disease (ERACI): in-hospital results and 1-year follow-up. ERACI Group. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993. 22(4):1060-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Stone GW, McLaurin BT, Cox DA, et al, for the ACUITY Investigators. Bivalirudin for patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2006. 355(21):2203-16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Hlatky MA, Boothroyd DB, Bravata DM, et al. Coronary artery bypass surgery compared with percutaneous coronary interventions for multivessel disease: a collaborative analysis of individual patient data from ten randomised trials. Lancet. 2009. 373(9670):1190-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Serruys PW, de Jaegere P, Kiemeneij F, et al, for the Benestent Study Group. A comparison of balloon-expandable-stent implantation with balloon angioplasty in patients with coronary artery disease. Benestent Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1994. 331(8):489-95. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

28. Fischman DL, Leon MB, Baim DS, et al, for the Stent Restenosis Study Investigators. A randomized comparison of coronary-stent placement and balloon angioplasty in the treatment of coronary artery disease. Stent Restenosis Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1994. 331(8):496-501. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

29. Serruys PW, Ong AT, van Herwerden LA, et al. Five-year outcomes after coronary stenting versus bypass surgery for the treatment of multivessel disease: the final analysis of the Arterial Revascularization Therapies Study (ARTS) randomized trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005. 46(4):575-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

30. SoS Investigators. Coronary artery bypass surgery versus percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease (the Stent or Surgery trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2002 Sep 28. 360 (9338):965-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Rodriguez AE, Baldi J, Fernandez Pereira C, et al, for the Investigators. Five-year follow-up of the Argentine randomized trial of coronary angioplasty with stenting versus coronary bypass surgery in patients with multiple vessel disease (ERACI II). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005. 46(4):582-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

32. Hannan EL, Racz MJ, Walford G, et al. Long-term outcomes of coronary-artery bypass grafting versus stent implantation. N Engl J Med. 2005. 352(21):2174-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

33. Serruys PW, Lemos PA, van Hout BA, Arterial Revascularisation Therapies Study part II Steering Committee and Investigators. Sirolimus eluting stent implantation for patients with multivessel disease: rationale for the Arterial Revascularisation Therapies Study part II (ARTS II). Heart. 2004 Sep. 90 (9):995-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Head SJ, Davierwala PM, Serruys PW, et al. Coronary artery bypass grafting vs. percutaneous coronary intervention for patients with three-vessel disease: final five-year follow-up of the SYNTAX trial. Eur Heart J. 2014. 35(40):2821-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Frye RL, August P, Brooks MM, et al, for the BARI 2D Study Group,. A randomized trial of therapies for type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2009. 360(24):2503-15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

36. Dagenais GR, Lu J, Faxon DP, et al, for the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation 2 Diabetes (BARI 2D) Study Group. Effects of optimal medical treatment with or without coronary revascularization on angina and subsequent revascularizations in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and stable ischemic heart disease. Circulation. 2011. 123(14):1492-500. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Farkouh ME, Domanski M, Sleeper LA, et al, for the FREEDOM Trial Investigators. Strategies for multivessel revascularization in patients with diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2012. 367(25):2375-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Verma S, Farkouh ME, Yanagawa B, et al. Comparison of coronary artery bypass surgery and percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2013. 1(4):317-28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Boden WE, O’Rourke RA, Crawford MH, et al. Outcomes in patients with acute non-Q-wave myocardial infarction randomly assigned to an invasive as compared with a conservative management strategy. Veterans Affairs Non-Q-Wave Infarction Strategies in Hospital (VANQWISH) Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1998. 338(25):1785-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Anderson HV, Cannon CP, Stone PH, et al. One-year results of the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) IIIB clinical trial. A randomized comparison of tissue-type plasminogen activator versus placebo and early invasive versus early conservative strategies in unstable angina and non-Q wave myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995. 26(7):1643-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Invasive compared with non-invasive treatment in unstable coronary-artery disease: FRISC II prospective randomised multicentre study. FRagmin and Fast Revascularisation during InStability in Coronary artery disease Investigators. Lancet. 1999 Aug 28. 354 (9180):708-15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Poole-Wilson PA, Pocock SJ, Fox KA, et al, for the Randomised Intervention Trial of unstable Angina Investigators. Interventional versus conservative treatment in acute non-ST elevation coronary syndrome: time course of patient management and disease events over one year in the RITA 3 trial. Heart. 2006. 92(10):1473-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Luciardi H, Muntaner J, Berman S, de la Serna F, Costantini C. [Acute coronary syndromes without ST segment elevation. Why should we take an interventionist approach?]. Arch Cardiol Mex. 2001. 71(4):295-305. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Hirsch A, Windhausen F, Tijssen JG, et al, for the Invasive versus Conservative Treatment in Unstable coronary Syndromes Investigators. Diverging associations of an intended early invasive strategy compared with actual revascularization, and outcome in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome: the problem of treatment selection bias. Eur Heart J. 2009. 30(6):645-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Mehta SR, Cannon CP, Fox KA, et al. Routine vs selective invasive strategies in patients with acute coronary syndromes: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA. 2005. 293(23):2908-17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Fox KA, Clayton TC, Damman P, et al, for the FIR Collaboration. Long-term outcome of a routine versus selective invasive strategy in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome a meta-analysis of individual patient data. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010. 55(22):2435-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Mehta SR, Granger CB, Boden WE, et al, for the TIMACS Investigators. Early versus delayed invasive intervention in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2009. 360(21):2165-75. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Katritsis DG, Siontis GC, Kastrati A, et al. Optimal timing of coronary angiography and potential intervention in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2011. 32(1):32-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Navarese EP, Gurbel PA, Andreotti F, et al. Optimal timing of coronary invasive strategy in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2013. 158(4):261-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Keeley EC, Boura JA, Grines CL. Primary angioplasty versus intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: a quantitative review of 23 randomised trials. Lancet. 2003. 361(9351):13-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Rathore SS, Curtis JP, Chen J, et al, for the National Cardiovascular Data Registry. Association of door-to-balloon time and mortality in patients admitted to hospital with ST elevation myocardial infarction: national cohort study. BMJ. 2009. 338:b1807. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

52. Brodie BR, Gersh BJ, Stuckey T, et al. When is door-to-balloon time critical? Analysis from the HORIZONS-AMI (Harmonizing Outcomes with Revascularization and Stents in Acute Myocardial Infarction) and CADILLAC (Controlled Abciximab and Device Investigation to Lower Late Angioplasty Complications) trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010. 56(5):407-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Hochman JS, Lamas GA, Buller CE, et al, for the Occluded Artery Trial Investigators. Coronary intervention for persistent occlusion after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2006. 355(23):2395-407. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Wald DS, Morris JK, Wald NJ, et al, for the PRAMI Investigators. Randomized trial of preventive angioplasty in myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2013. 369(12):1115-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Piccolo R, Gu YL, Iversen AZ, Dominguez-Rodriguez A, de Smet BJ, Mahmoud KD, et al. Clinical impact of intracoronary abciximab in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention: an individual patient data pooled analysis of randomised studies. Heart. 2012 May 24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Stone GW, Maehara A, Witzenbichler B, et al, for the INFUSE-AMI Investigators. Intracoronary abciximab and aspiration thrombectomy in patients with large anterior myocardial infarction: the INFUSE-AMI randomized trial. JAMA. 2012. 307(17):1817-26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Harrison RW, Aggarwal A, Ou FS, et al, for the American College of Cardiology National Cardiovascular Data Registry. Incidence and outcomes of no-reflow phenomenon during percutaneous coronary intervention among patients with acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2013. 111(2):178-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Reifart N, Vandormael M, Krajcar M, et al. Randomized comparison of angioplasty of complex coronary lesions at a single center. Excimer Laser, Rotational Atherectomy, and Balloon Angioplasty Comparison (ERBAC) Study. Circulation. 1997. 96(1):91-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. Baim DS, Wahr D, George B, et al, for the Saphenous vein graft Angioplasty Free of Emboli Randomized (SAFER) Trial Investigators. Randomized trial of a distal embolic protection device during percutaneous intervention of saphenous vein aorto-coronary bypass grafts. Circulation. 2002. 105(11):1285-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

60. Zimarino M, Corcos T, Favereau X, et al. Rotational coronary atherectomy with adjunctive balloon angioplasty for the treatment of ostial lesions. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1994. 33(1):22-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

61. Genereux P, Bettinger N, Redfors B, et al. Two-year outcomes after treatment of severely calcified coronary lesions with the orbital atherectomy system and the impact of stent types: Insight from the ORBIT II trial. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2016 Sep. 88 (3):369-77. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

62. Stone GW, Kedhi E, Kereiakes DJ, et al. Differential clinical responses to everolimus-eluting and Paclitaxel-eluting coronary stents in patients with and without diabetes mellitus. Circulation. 2011 Aug 23. 124 (8):893-900. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

63. Baber U, Mehran R, Sharma SK, et al. Impact of the everolimus-eluting stent on stent thrombosis: a meta-analysis of 13 randomized trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011. 58(15):1569-77. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

64. Bangalore S, Amoroso N, Fusaro M, Kumar S, Feit F. Outcomes with various drug-eluting or bare metal stents in patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction: a mixed treatment comparison analysis of trial level data from 34 068 patient-years of follow-up from randomized trials. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2013 Aug. 6 (4):378-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

65. Piscione F, Piccolo R, Cassese S, et al. Is direct stenting superior to stenting with predilation in patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention? Results from a meta-analysis of 24 randomised controlled trials. Heart. 2010. 96(8):588-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

66. Kereiakes DJ, Meredith IT, Windecker S, et al. Efficacy and safety of a novel bioabsorbable polymer-coated, everolimus-eluting coronary stent: the EVOLVE II Randomized Trial. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2015 Apr. 8(4):[QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

67. Ellis SG, Kereiakes DJ, Metzger DC, et al, for the ABSORB III Investigators. Everolimus-eluting bioresorbable scaffolds for coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2015 Nov 12. 373(20):1905-15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

68. Vlaar PJ, Svilaas T, van der Horst IC, et al. Cardiac death and reinfarction after 1 year in the Thrombus Aspiration during Percutaneous coronary intervention in Acute myocardial infarction Study (TAPAS): a 1-year follow-up study. Lancet. 2008. 371(9628):1915-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

69. De Vita M, Burzotta F, Porto I, et al. Thrombus aspiration in ST elevation myocardial infarction: comparative efficacy in patients treated early and late after onset of symptoms. Heart. 2010. 96(16):1287-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

70. Frobert O, Lagerqvist B, Olivecrona GK, et al, for the TASTE Trial. Thrombus aspiration during ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2013. 369(17):1587-97. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

71. Lagerqvist B, Frobert O, Olivecrona GK, et al. Outcomes 1 year after thrombus aspiration for myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2014. 371(12):1111-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

72. Jolly SS, Cairns JA, Yusuf S, et al, for the TOTAL Investigators. Randomized trial of primary PCI with or without routine manual thrombectomy. N Engl J Med. 2015 Apr 9. 372(15):1389-98. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

73. Elgendy IY, Huo T, Bhatt DL, Bavry AA. Is aspiration thrombectomy beneficial in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention? Meta-analysis of randomized trials. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2015 Jul. 8(7):e002258. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

74. [Guideline] Levine GN, Bates ER, Blankenship JC, et al. 2015 ACC/AHA/SCAI Focused Update on Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: An Update of the 2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention and the 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016 Mar 15. 67 (10):1235-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

75. Brennan JM, Al-Hejily W, Dai D, et al. Three-year outcomes associated with embolic protection in saphenous vein graft intervention: results in 49 325 senior patients in the Medicare-linked National Cardiovascular Data Registry CathPCI Registry. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2015 Mar. 8(3):e001403. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

76. Kaltoft A, Kelbaek H, Klovgaard L, et al. Increased rate of stent thrombosis and target lesion revascularization after filter protection in primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: 15-month follow-up of the DEDICATION (Drug Elution and Distal Protection in ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010. 55(9):867-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

77. Biancari F, D’Andrea V, Di Marco C, Savino G, Tiozzo V, Catania A. Meta-analysis of randomized trials on the efficacy of vascular closure devices after diagnostic angiography and angioplasty. Am Heart J. 2010. 159(4):518-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

78. Nikolsky E, Mehran R, Halkin A, et al. Vascular complications associated with arteriotomy closure devices in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary procedures: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004. 44(6):1200-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

79. Vaitkus PT. A meta-analysis of percutaneous vascular closure devices after diagnostic catheterization and percutaneous coronary intervention. J Invasive Cardiol. 2004. 16(5):243-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

80. Koreny M, Riedmuller E, Nikfardjam M, Siostrzonek P, Mullner M. Arterial puncture closing devices compared with standard manual compression after cardiac catheterization: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2004. 291(3):350-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

81. Brar SS, Aharonian V, Mansukhani P, et al. Haemodynamic-guided fluid administration for the prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury: the POSEIDON randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2014. 383(9931):1814-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

82. Berwanger O, Cavalcanti AB, Buehler AM, et al, for the Investigators ACT. Acetylcysteine for prevention of renal outcomes in patients undergoing coronary and peripheral vascular angiography: main results from the randomized Acetylcysteine for Contrast-induced nephropathy Trial (ACT). Circulation. 2011. 124(11):1250-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

83. Romagnoli E, Biondi-Zoccai G, Sciahbasi A, et al. Radial versus femoral randomized investigation in ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome: the RIFLE-STEACS (Radial Versus Femoral Randomized Investigation in ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012 Dec 18. 60(24):2481-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

84. Jolly SS, Yusuf S, Cairns J, et al, for the RIVAL trial group. Radial versus femoral access for coronary angiography and intervention in patients with acute coronary syndromes (RIVAL): a randomised, parallel group, multicentre trial. Lancet. 2011. 377(9775):1409-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

85. Valgimigli M, Gagnor A, Calabro P, et al, for the MATRIX Investigators. Radial versus femoral access in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing invasive management: a randomised multicentre trial. Lancet. 2015 Jun 20. 385 (9986):2465-76. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

86. Rao SV, Tremmel JA, Gilchrist IC, et al, for the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Intervention's Transradial Working Group. Best practices for transradial angiography and intervention: a consensus statement from the society for cardiovascular angiography and intervention’s transradial working group. Cathet Cardiovasc Interv. 2014. 83(2):228-36. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

87. Cavusoglu E, Kini AS, Marmur JD, Sharma SK. Current status of rotational atherectomy. Cathet Cardiovasc Interv. 2004. 62(4):485-98. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

88. Pijls NH, Fearon WF, Tonino PA, et al, for the FAME Study Investigators. Fractional flow reserve versus angiography for guiding percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease: 2-year follow-up of the FAME (Fractional Flow Reserve Versus Angiography for Multivessel Evaluation) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010. 56(3):177-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

89. De Bruyne B, Fearon WF, Pijls NH, et al, for the FAME 2 Trial Investigators. Fractional flow reserve-guided PCI for stable coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2014. 371(13):1208-17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

90. Johnson NP, Toth GG, Lai D, et al. Prognostic value of fractional flow reserve: linking physiologic severity to clinical outcomes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Oct 21. 64(16):1641-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

91. Serruys PW, Herrman JP, Simon R, et al. A comparison of hirudin with heparin in the prevention of restenosis after coronary angioplasty. Helvetica Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1995. 333(12):757-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

92. Burchenal JE, Marks DS, Tift Mann J, et al, et al. Effect of direct thrombin inhibition with Bivalirudin (Hirulog) on restenosis after coronary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol. 1998. 82(4):511-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

93. Bittl JA, Strony J, Brinker JA, et al. Treatment with bivalirudin (Hirulog) as compared with heparin during coronary angioplasty for unstable or postinfarction angina. Hirulog Angioplasty Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1995. 333(12):764-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

94. Mehran R, Lansky AJ, Witzenbichler B, et al, HORIZONS-AMI Trial Investigators. Bivalirudin in patients undergoing primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction (HORIZONS-AMI): 1-year results of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009. 374(9696):1149-59. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

95. Lopes RD, Alexander KP, Manoukian SV, et al. Advanced age, antithrombotic strategy, and bleeding in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: results from the ACUITY (Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage Strategy) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009. 53(12):1021-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

96. Tavano D, Visconti G, D’Andrea D, et al. Comparison of bivalirudin monotherapy versus unfractionated heparin plus tirofiban in patients with diabetes mellitus undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol. 2009. 104(9):1222-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

97. Steg PG, van ‘t Hof A, Hamm CW, et al, for the EUROMAX Investigators. Bivalirudin started during emergency transport for primary PCI. N Engl J Med. 2013. 369(23):2207-17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

98. Shahzad A, Kemp I, Mars C, et al, for the HEAT-PPCI trial investigators. Unfractionated heparin versus bivalirudin in primary percutaneous coronary intervention (HEAT-PPCI): an open-label, single centre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2014 Nov 22. 384(9957):1849-58. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

99. Valgimigli M, Frigoli E, Leonardi S, et al, for the MATRIX Investigators. Bivalirudin or unfractionated heparin in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2015 Sep 10. 373 (11):997-1009. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

100. [Guideline] Levine GN, Bates ER, Bittl JA, et al. 2016 ACC/AHA guideline focused update on duration of dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery disease: A report of the ACC/AHA Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines: An update of the 2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI guideline for PCI, 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for CABG surgery, 2012 ACC/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with SIHD, 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of STEMI, 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients wi... Circulation. 2016 Sep 6. 134(10):e123-55. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

101. Montalescot G, Bolognese L, Dudek D, et al, for the ACCOAST Investigators. Pretreatment with prasugrel in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2013 Sep 12. 369(11):999-1010. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

102. [Guideline] Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP, et al, for the ESC Scientific Document Group. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2016 Jan 14. 37(3):267-315. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

103. Dangas G, Mehran R, Guagliumi G, et al, for the HORIZONS-AMI Trial Investigators. Role of clopidogrel loading dose in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary angioplasty: results from the HORIZONS-AMI (harmonizing outcomes with revascularization and stents in acute myocardial infarction) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009. 54(15):1438-46. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

104. Price MJ, Berger PB, Teirstein PS, et al, for the GRAVITAS Investigators. Standard- vs high-dose clopidogrel based on platelet function testing after percutaneous coronary intervention: the GRAVITAS randomized trial. JAMA. 2011. 305(11):1097-105. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

105. Ellis KJ, Stouffer GA, McLeod HL, Lee CR. Clopidogrel pharmacogenomics and risk of inadequate platelet inhibition: US FDA recommendations. Pharmacogenomics. 2009 Nov. 10 (11):1799-817. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

106. Mega JL, Simon T, Collet JP, et al. Reduced-function CYP2C19 genotype and risk of adverse clinical outcomes among patients treated with clopidogrel predominantly for PCI: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2010. 304(16):1821-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

107. Siller-Matula JM, Trenk D, Schror K, et al, for the European Platelet Academy. Response variability to P2Y12 receptor inhibitors: expectations and reality. JACC Cardiovasc Intervent. 2013. 6(11):1111-28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

108. Angiolillo DJ, Ferreiro JL, Price MJ, Kirtane AJ, Stone GW. Platelet function and genetic testing. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013. 62(17 Suppl):S21-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

109. Bhatt DL, Cryer BL, Contant CF, et al, for the COGENT Investigators. Clopidogrel with or without omeprazole in coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2010 Nov 11. 363(20):1909-17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

110. Morrow DA, Wiviott SD, White HD, et al. Effect of the novel thienopyridine prasugrel compared with clopidogrel on spontaneous and procedural myocardial infarction in the Trial to Assess Improvement in Therapeutic Outcomes by Optimizing Platelet Inhibition with Prasugrel-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 38: an application of the classification system from the universal definition of myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2009. 119(21):2758-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

111. Wallentin L, Becker RC, Budaj A, et al, for the PLATO Investigators; Freij A, Thorsen M. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2009 Sep 10. 361(11):1045-57. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

112. Lincoff AM, Tcheng JE, Califf RM, et al. Sustained suppression of ischemic complications of coronary intervention by platelet GP IIb/IIIa blockade with abciximab: one-year outcome in the EPILOG trial. Evaluation in PTCA to Improve Long-term Outcome with abciximab GP IIb/IIIa blockade. Circulation. 1999. 99(15):1951-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

113. Zeymer U, Margenet A, Haude M, et al. Randomized comparison of eptifibatide versus abciximab in primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: results of the EVA-AMI Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010. 56(6):463-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

114. Winchester DE, Wen X, Brearley WD, Park KE, Anderson RD, Bavry AA. Efficacy and safety of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors during elective coronary revascularization: a meta-analysis of randomized trials performed in the era of stents and thienopyridines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011. 57(10):1190-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

115. Daugherty SL, Thompson LE, Kim S, et al. Patterns of use and comparative effectiveness of bleeding avoidance strategies in men and women following percutaneous coronary interventions: an observational study from the National Cardiovascular Data Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013. 61(20):2070-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

116. Feldman DN, Swaminathan RV, Kaltenbach LA, et al. Adoption of radial access and comparison of outcomes to femoral access in percutaneous coronary intervention: an updated report from the national cardiovascular data registry (2007-2012). Circulation. 2013. 127(23):2295-306. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

117. Bonaa KH, Mannsverk J, Wiseth R, et al, for the NORSTENT Investigators. Drug-Eluting or Bare-Metal Stents for Coronary Artery Disease. N Engl J Med. 2016 Sep 29. 375(13):1242-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

118. Stone GW, Ellis SG, Colombo A, et al. Offsetting impact of thrombosis and restenosis on the occurrence of death and myocardial infarction after paclitaxel-eluting and bare metal stent implantation. Circulation. 2007. 115(22):2842-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

119. Mayer K, Bernlochner I, Braun S, et al. Aspirin treatment and outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention: results of the ISAR-ASPI registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014. 64(9):863-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

120. [Guideline] Davidson JC, Rahim S, Hanks SE, et al. Society of Interventional Radiology consensus guidelines for the periprocedural management of thrombotic and bleeding risk in patients undergoing percutaneous image-guided interventions-Part I: Review of anticoagulation agents and clinical considerations: Endorsed by the Canadian Association for Interventional Radiology and the Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2019 Aug. 30(8):1155-67. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

121. [Guideline] Patel IJ, Rahim S, Davidson JC, et al. Society of Interventional Radiology consensus guidelines for the periprocedural management of thrombotic and bleeding risk in patients undergoing percutaneous image-guided interventions-Part II: Recommendations: Endorsed by the Canadian Association for Interventional Radiology and the Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2019 Aug. 30(8):1168-1184.e1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

George A Stouffer, III, MD Ernest and Hazel Craige Distinguished Professor of Medicine and Cardiology, Chief of Cardiology, University of North Carolina Medical Center

George A Stouffer, III, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Cardiology, American College of Physicians, American Heart Association, Phi Beta Kappa, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pradeep K Yadav, MD Interventional Cardiology Fellow, Department of Cardiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Karlheinz Peter, MD, PhD Professor of Medicine, Monash University; Head of Centre of Thrombosis and Myocardial Infarction, Head of Division of Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology, Associate Director, Baker Heart Research Institute; Interventional Cardiologist, The Alfred Hospital, Australia

Karlheinz Peter, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Heart Association, German Cardiac Society, Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Josh W Todd, MD Interventional Cardiologist, Knoxville Heart Group

Josh W Todd, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Cardiology, American College of Physicians, American Heart Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mian Atif Yousuf, MD Interventional Cardiology Fellow, Department of Cardiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine

Mian Atif Yousuf, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Cardiology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Jeb Burchenal, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine; Consulting Staff, South Denver Cardiology Associates

Jeb Burchenal, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Jorge Davalos, MD Interventional Cardiology Fellow, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Jorge Davalos, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Cardiology, American Medical Association, and Phi Beta Kappa

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Robert Vincent Kelly, MD Consulting Staff, Division of Interventional Cardiology, University of North Carolina Hospital

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

James Maddux, MD Consulting Staff, Department of Cardiology, International Heart Institute

James Maddux, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Medical Association and Pennsylvania Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article