Heart Failure Questions & Answers

1. Ho KK, Pinsky JL, Kannel WB, Levy D. The epidemiology of heart failure: the Framingham Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993 Oct. 22(4 suppl A):6A-13A. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

2. American Heart Association. Classes of heart failure. Available at http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HeartFailure/AboutHeartFailure/Classes-of-Heart-Failure_UCM_306328_Article.jsp#.WUcGf-vyuHs. Updated: May 8, 2017; Accessed: June 18, 2017.

3. [Guideline] Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, et al, American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation. 2013 Oct 15. 128(16):e240-327. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

4. [Guideline] Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022 May 3. 79 (17):e263-e421. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

5. Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the management of heart failure: executive summary: s report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2022 May 3. 145 (18):e876-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

6. Stiles S. New HF guidelines feature 'quad' therapy, tweaked terminology. Medscape Medical News. Available at https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/971492. April 3, 2022; Accessed: May 6, 2022.

7. Pina IL. Key points from the new heart failure guidelines [commentary]. TheHeart.org. Available at https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/971949. May 4, 2022; Accessed: May 6, 2022.

8. [Guideline] Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, et al, for the Authors/Task Force Members. 2016 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The task force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J. 2016 Jul 14. 37(27):2129-200. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

9. [Guideline] Lindenfeld J, Albert NM, Boehmer JP, et al, for the Heart Failure Society of America. HFSA 2010 comprehensive heart failure practice guideline. J Card Fail. 2010 Jun. 16(6):e1-194. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

10. Stiles S. FDA approves heart sympathetic activity imaging agent for HF evaluation. Medscape News from WebMD. March 22, 2013. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/781309. Accessed: April 5, 2013.

11. Braunwald E. The pathogenesis of congestive heart failure: then and now. Medicine. 1991 Jan. 70(1):68-79. [Full Text].

12. Braunwald E, Ross J Jr, Sonnenblick EH. Mechanisms of Contraction of the Normal and Failing Heart. 2nd ed. Boston: Little Brown & Co; 1976.

13. Greyson CR. Pathophysiology of right ventricular failure. Crit Care Med. 2008 Jan. 36(1 suppl):S57-65. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Haddad F, Doyle R, Murphy DJ, Hunt SA. Right ventricular function in cardiovascular disease, part II: pathophysiology, clinical importance, and management of right ventricular failure. Circulation. 2008 Apr 1. 117(13):1717-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Onwuanyi A, Taylor M. Acute decompensated heart failure: pathophysiology and treatment. Am J Cardiol. 2007 Mar 26. 99(6B):25D-30D. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Ross J Jr, Braunwald E. Studies on Starling's law of the heart. IX. The effects of impeding venous return on performance of the normal and failing human left ventricle. Circulation. 1964 Nov. 30:719-27. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

17. Gheorghiade M, Pang PS. Acute heart failure syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009 Feb 17. 53(7):557-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

18. Kajstura J, Leri A, Finato N, Di Loreto C, Beltrami CA, Anversa P. Myocyte proliferation in end-stage cardiac failure in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Jul 21. 95(15):8801-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

19. Cohn JN. Structural basis for heart failure. Ventricular remodeling and its pharmacological inhibition. Circulation. 1995 May 15. 91(10):2504-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

20. Cody RJ. Hormonal alterations in heart failure. In: Hosenpud JB, Greenberg BH, eds. Congestive Heart Failure: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Comprehensive Approach to Management. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000. 199-212.

21. Anversa P, Nadal-Ginard B. Myocyte renewal and ventricular remodelling. Nature. 2002 Jan 10. 415(6868):240-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Leri A, Claudio PP, Li Q, et al. Stretch-mediated release of angiotensin II induces myocyte apoptosis by activating p53 that enhances the local renin-angiotensin system and decreases the Bcl-2-to-Bax protein ratio in the cell. J Clin Invest. 1998 Apr 1. 101(7):1326-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

23. Kajstura J, Leri A, Castaldo C, Nadal-Ginard B, Anversa P. Myocyte growth in the failing heart. Surg Clin North Am. 2004 Feb. 84(1):161-77. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Henes J, Rosenberger P. Systolic heart failure: diagnosis and therapy. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2016 Feb. 29(1):55-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Nicoara A, Jones-Haywood M. Diastolic heart failure: diagnosis and therapy. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2016 Feb. 29(1):61-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Feldman AM, Combes A, Wagner D, et al. The role of tumor necrosis factor in the pathophysiology of heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000 Mar 1. 35(3):537-44. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

27. Gary R, Davis L. Diastolic heart failure. Heart Lung. 2008 Nov-Dec. 37(6):405-16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Morris DA, Gailani M, Vaz Perez A, et al. Right ventricular myocardial systolic and diastolic dysfunction in heart failure with normal left ventricular ejection fraction. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2011 Aug. 24(8):886-97. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Jousilahti P, Harald K, Jula A, et al, for the National Institute for Health and Welfare-THL - Helsinki - Finland. Salt intake and the risk of heart failure [abstract 1192]. Presented at: European Society of Cardiology 2017 Congress; August 27, 2017; Barcelona, Spain. Eur Heart J. Aug 2017. 38(suppl 1):240. [Full Text].

30. Davenport L. High salt intake linked to increased heart-failure risk. Medscape News from WebMD. August 28, 2017. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/884824. Accessed: September 1, 2017.

31. Lam CS, Lyass A, Kraigher-Krainer E, et al. Cardiac dysfunction and noncardiac dysfunction as precursors of heart failure with reduced and preserved ejection fraction in the community. Circulation. 2011 Jul 5. 124(1):24-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

32. Ho KK, Anderson KM, Kannel WB, Grossman W, Levy D. Survival after the onset of congestive heart failure in Framingham Heart Study subjects. Circulation. 1993 Jul. 88(1):107-15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

33. Halley CM, Houghtaling PL, Khalil MK, Thomas JD, Jaber WA. Mortality rate in patients with diastolic dysfunction and normal systolic function. Arch Intern Med. 2011 Jun 27. 171(12):1082-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

34. Murphy RT, Starling RC. Genetics and cardiomyopathy: where are we now?. Cleve Clin J Med. 2005 Jun. 72(6):465-6, 469-70, 472-3 passim. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Benjamin EJ, Blaha MJ, Chiuve SE, et al, for the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2017 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017 Mar 7. 135(10):e146-e603. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

36. Ni H, Xu J. Recent trends in heart failure-related mortality: United States, 2000–2014. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. December 31, 2015. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db231.htm. Accessed: January 5, 2016.

37. Brauser D. CDC: Heart-failure–related mortality rate climbs after decade-long decrease. Heartwire from Medscape. January 4, 2016. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/856704. Accessed: January 5, 2016.

38. Chen J, Normand SL, Wang Y, Krumholz HM. National and regional trends in heart failure hospitalization and mortality rates for Medicare beneficiaries, 1998-2008. JAMA. 2011 Oct 19. 306(15):1669-78. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

39. Kolte D, Abbott JD, Aronow HD. Interventional therapies for heart failure in older adults. Heart Fail Clin. 2017 Jul. 13(3):535-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Dharmarajan K, Rich MW. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and prognosis of heart failure in older adults. Heart Fail Clin. 2017 Jul. 13(3):417-26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Jencks SF, Williams MV, Coleman EA. Rehospitalizations among patients in the Medicare fee-for-service program. N Engl J Med. 2009 Apr 2. 360(14):1418-28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

42. Stewart S, Wilkinson D, Hansen C, et al. Predominance of heart failure in the Heart of Soweto Study cohort: emerging challenges for urban African communities. Circulation. 2008 Dec 2. 118(23):2360-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

43. Damasceno A, Cotter G, Dzudie A, Sliwa K, Mayosi BM. Heart failure in Sub-Saharan Africa: time for action. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007 Oct 23. 50(17):1688-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

44. Mbewu A, Mbanya JC. Cardiovascular diseases. In: Jamison DT, Feachem RG, Makgoba MW, et al, eds. Disease and mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: World Bank Publications; 2006. 305-28.

45. Dries DL, Exner DV, Domanski MJ, Greenberg B, Stevenson LW. The prognostic implications of renal insufficiency in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000 Mar 1. 35(3):681-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

46. Fonarow GC, Adams KF Jr, Abraham WT, et al, for the ADHERE Scientific Advisory Committee, Study Group and Investigators. Risk stratification for in-hospital mortality in acutely decompensated heart failure: classification and regression tree analysis. JAMA. 2005 Feb 2. 293(5):572-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

47. Levy D, Kenchaiah S, Larson MG, et al. Long-term trends in the incidence of and survival with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2002 Oct 31. 347 (18):1397-402. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Lucas C, Johnson W, Hamilton MA, et al. Freedom from congestion predicts good survival despite previous class IV symptoms of heart failure. Am Heart J. 2000 Dec. 140(6):840-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. MacIntyre K, Capewell S, Stewart S, et al. Evidence of improving prognosis in heart failure: trends in case fatality in 66 547 patients hospitalized between 1986 and 1995. Circulation. 2000 Sep 5. 102(10):1126-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

50. Ketchum ES, Levy WC. Establishing prognosis in heart failure: a multimarker approach. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2011 Sep-Oct. 54(2):86-96. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. van Diepen S, Bakal JA, McAlister FA, Ezekowitz JA. Mortality and readmission of patients with heart failure, atrial fibrillation, or coronary artery disease undergoing noncardiac surgery: an analysis of 38 047 patients. Circulation. 2011 Jul 19. 124(3):289-96. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

52. Bursi F, McNallan SM, Redfield MM, et al. Pulmonary pressures and death in heart failure: a community study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012 Jan 17. 59(3):222-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

53. Ho JE, Liu C, Lyass A, et al. Galectin-3, a marker of cardiac fibrosis, predicts incident heart failure in the community. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012 Oct 2. 60(14):1249-56. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Nayar P, Yu F, Chandak A, Kan GL, Lowes B, Apenteng BA. Risk factors for in-hospital mortality in heart failure patients: does rurality, payer or admission source matter?. J Rural Health. 2018 Dec. 34(1):103-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Dunlay SM, Eveleth JM, Shah ND, McNallan SM, Roger VL. Medication adherence among community-dwelling patients with heart failure. Mayo Clin Proc. 2011 Apr. 86(4):273-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

56. DeWalt DA, Schillinger D, Ruo B, et al. Multisite randomized trial of a single-session versus multisession literacy-sensitive self-care intervention for patients with heart failure. Circulation. 2012 Jun 12. 125 (23):2854-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Lainscak M, Cleland JG, Lenzen MJ, Follath F, Komajda M, Swedberg K. International variations in the treatment and co-morbidity of left ventricular systolic dysfunction: data from the EuroHeart Failure Survey. Eur J Heart Fail. 2007 Mar. 9(3):292-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Panjrath G, Ahmed A. Diagnosis and management of heart failure in older adults. Heart Fail Clin. 2017 Jul. 13(3):427-44. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. Stevenson LW, Perloff JK. The limited reliability of physical signs for estimating hemodynamics in chronic heart failure. JAMA. 1989 Feb 10. 261(6):884-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

60. Steinhart B, Thorpe KE, Bayoumi AM, Moe G, Januzzi JL Jr, Mazer CD. Improving the diagnosis of acute heart failure using a validated prediction model. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009 Oct 13. 54(16):1515-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

61. [Guideline] Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA Focused Update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America. Circulation. 2017 Aug 8. 136(6):e137-e161. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

62. Rich MW, McSherry F, Williford WO, Yusuf S, for the Digitalis Investigation Group. Effect of age on mortality, hospitalizations and response to digoxin in patients with heart failure: the DIG study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001 Sep. 38(3):806-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

63. [Guideline] Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, et al, for the Writing Committee Members. 2016 ACC/AHA/HFSA focused update on new pharmacological therapy for heart failure: an update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America. Circulation. 2016 Sep 27. 134(13):e282-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

64. Badve SV, Roberts MA, Hawley CM, et al. Effects of beta-adrenergic antagonists in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Sep 6. 58(11):1152-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

65. Maisel AS, Krishnaswamy P, Nowak RM, et al, for the Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study Investigators. Rapid measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2002 Jul 18. 347(3):161-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

66. Januzzi JL Jr, Camargo CA, Anwaruddin S, et al. The N-terminal pro-BNP investigation of dyspnea in the emergency department (PRIDE) study. Am J Cardiol. 2005 Apr 15. 95(8):948-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

67. Wang CS, FitzGerald JM, Schulzer M, Mak E, Ayas NT. Does this dyspneic patient in the emergency department have congestive heart failure?. JAMA. 2005 Oct 19. 294(15):1944-56. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

68. [Guideline] McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, et al, for the ESC Scientific Document Group. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2021 Sep 21. 42(36):3599-726. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

69. Groenveld HF, Januzzi JL, Damman K, et al. Anemia and mortality in heart failure patients a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008 Sep 2. 52(10):818-27. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

70. Grote Beverborg N, van Veldhuisen DJ, van der Meer P. Anemia in heart failure: still relevant?. JACC Heart Fail. 2018 Mar. 6(3):201-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

71. Beedkar A, Parikh R, Deshmukh P. Heart failure and the iron deficiency. J Assoc Physicians India. 2017 Nov. 65(11):79-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

72. Hoes MF, Grote Beverborg N, Kijlstra JD, et al. Iron deficiency impairs contractility of human cardiomyocytes through decreased mitochondrial function. Eur J Heart Fail. 2018 May. 20(5):910-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

73. Rocha BML, Cunha GJL, Menezes Falcao LF. The burden of iron deficiency in heart failure: therapeutic approach. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 Feb 20. 71(7):782-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

74. Maisel AS, McCord J, Nowak RM, et al, for the Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study Investigators. Bedside B-Type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure with reduced or preserved ejection fraction. Results from the Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 Jun 4. 41(11):2010-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

75. Januzzi JL, van Kimmenade R, Lainchbury J, et al. NT-proBNP testing for diagnosis and short-term prognosis in acute destabilized heart failure: an international pooled analysis of 1256 patients: the International Collaborative of NT-proBNP Study. Eur Heart J. 2006 Feb. 27(3):330-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

76. Maeda K, Tsutamoto T, Wada A, Hisanaga T, Kinoshita M. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide as a biochemical marker of high left ventricular end-diastolic pressure in patients with symptomatic left ventricular dysfunction. Am Heart J. 1998 May. 135(5 Pt 1):825-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

77. Fisher C, Berry C, Blue L, Morton JJ, McMurray J. N-terminal pro B type natriuretic peptide, but not the new putative cardiac hormone relaxin, predicts prognosis in patients with chronic heart failure. Heart. 2003 Aug. 89(8):879-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

78. Hall C, Rouleau JL, Moye L, et al. N-terminal proatrial natriuretic factor. An independent predictor of long-term prognosis after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1994 May. 89(5):1934-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

79. Andersson B, Hall C. N-terminal proatrial natriuretic peptide and prognosis in patients with heart failure and preserved systolic function. J Card Fail. 2000 Sep. 6(3):208-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

80. Chen HH, Burnett JC. Natriuretic peptides in the pathophysiology of congestive heart failure. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2000 May. 2(3):198-205. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

81. Cheng V, Kazanagra R, Garcia A, et al. A rapid bedside test for B-type peptide predicts treatment outcomes in patients admitted for decompensated heart failure: a pilot study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001 Feb. 37(2):386-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

82. Cowie MR, Struthers AD, Wood DA, et al. Value of natriuretic peptides in assessment of patients with possible new heart failure in primary care. Lancet. 1997 Nov 8. 350(9088):1349-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

83. Dao Q, Krishnaswamy P, Kazanegra R, et al. Utility of B-type natriuretic peptide in the diagnosis of congestive heart failure in an urgent-care setting. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001 Feb. 37(2):379-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

84. Maeda K, Tsutamoto T, Wada A, Hisanaga T, Kinoshita M. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide as a biochemical marker of high left ventricular end-diastolic pressure in patients with symptomatic left ventricular dysfunction. Am Heart J. 1998 May. 135(5 pt 1):825-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

85. Maisel AS, Koon J, Hope J, et al. A rapid bedside test for brain natriuretic peptide accurately predicts cardiac function in patients referred for echocardiography. Am Heart J. 2001. 141:374-9.

86. Masson S, Vago T, Baldi G, et al. Comparative measurement of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide in ambulatory patients with heart failure. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2002 Aug. 40(8):761-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

87. Song BG, Jeon ES, Kim YH, et al. Correlation between levels of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and degrees of heart failure. Korean J Intern Med. 2005 Mar. 20(1):26-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

88. Hobbs FD, Davis RC, Roalfe AK, Hare R, Davies MK, Kenkre JE. Reliability of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide assay in diagnosis of heart failure: cohort study in representative and high risk community populations. BMJ. 2002 Jun 22. 324(7352):1498. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

89. Redfield MM, Rodeheffer RJ, Jacobsen SJ, Mahoney DW, Bailey KR, Burnett JC Jr. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide concentration: impact of age and gender. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002 Sep 4. 40(5):976-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

90. St Peter JV, Hartley GG, Murakami MM, Apple FS. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal pro-BNP in obese patients without heart failure: relationship to body mass index and gastric bypass surgery. Clin Chem. 2006 Apr. 52 (4):680-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

91. Rivera M, Cortes R, Salvador A, et al. Obese subjects with heart failure have lower N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide plasma levels irrespective of aetiology. Eur J Heart Fail. 2005 Dec. 7(7):1168-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

92. Hermann-Arnhof KM, Hanusch-Enserer U, Kaestenbauer T, et al. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide as an indicator of possible cardiovascular disease in severely obese individuals: comparison with patients in different stages of heart failure. Clin Chem. 2005 Jan. 51(1):138-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

93. Seino Y, Ogawa A, Yamashita T, et al. Application of NT-proBNP and BNP measurements in cardiac care: a more discerning marker for the detection and evaluation of heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2004 Mar 15. 6(3):295-300. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

94. Colucci WS, Elkayam U, Horton DP, et al. Intravenous nesiritide, a natriuretic peptide, in the treatment of decompensated congestive heart failure. Nesiritide Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2000 Jul 27. 343(4):246-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

95. Ezekowitz JA, Hernandez AF, Starling RC, et al. Standardizing care for acute decompensated heart failure in a large megatrial: the approach for the Acute Studies of Clinical Effectiveness of Nesiritide in Subjects with Decompensated Heart Failure (ASCEND-HF). Am Heart J. 2009 Feb. 157(2):219-28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

96. Mills RM, LeJemtel TH, Horton DP, et al. Sustained hemodynamic effects of an infusion of nesiritide (human b-type natriuretic peptide) in heart failure: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Natrecor Study Group. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999 Jul. 34(1):155-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

97. Silver MA, Horton DP, Ghali JK, Elkayam U. Effect of nesiritide versus dobutamine on short-term outcomes in the treatment of patients with acutely decompensated heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002 Mar 6. 39(5):798-803. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

98. Miller WL, Hartman KA, Burritt MF, Borgeson DD, Burnett JC Jr, Jaffe AS. Biomarker responses during and after treatment with nesiritide infusion in patients with decompensated chronic heart failure. Clin Chem. 2005 Mar. 51(3):569-77. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

99. Fitzgerald RL, Cremo R, Gardetto N, et al. Effect of nesiritide in combination with standard therapy on serum concentrations of natriuretic peptides in patients admitted for decompensated congestive heart failure. Am Heart J. 2005 Sep. 150(3):471-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

100. Michels VV, Moll PP, Miller FA, et al. The frequency of familial dilated cardiomyopathy in a series of patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 1992 Jan 9. 326(2):77-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

101. Baig MK, Goldman JH, Caforio AL, Coonar AS, Keeling PJ, McKenna WJ. Familial dilated cardiomyopathy: cardiac abnormalities are common in asymptomatic relatives and may represent early disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998 Jan. 31(1):195-201. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

102. Grunig E, Tasman JA, Kucherer H, Franz W, Kubler W, Katus HA. Frequency and phenotypes of familial dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998 Jan. 31 (1):186-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

103. McNally E, MacLeod H, Dellefave-Castillo L, et al. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. GeneReviews. 1993. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

104. [Guideline] Cheitlin MD, Alpert JS, Armstrong WF, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the clinical application of echocardiography. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Clinical Application of Echocardiography). Developed in collaboration with the American Society of Echocardiography. Circulation. 1997 Mar 18. 95(6):1686-744. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

105. Patel AR, Alsheikh-Ali AA, Mukherjee J, et al. 3D echocardiography to evaluate right atrial pressure in acutely decompensated heart failure correlation with invasive hemodynamics. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011 Sep. 4 (9):938-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

106. Prior D, Coller J. Echocardiography in heart failure - a guide for general practice. Aust Fam Physician. 2010 Dec. 39(12):904-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

107. Kirkpatrick JN, Wiegers SE, Lang RM. Left ventricular assist devices and other devices for end-stage heart failure: utility of echocardiography. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2010 May. 12(3):257-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

108. Abraham J, Abraham TP. The role of echocardiography in hemodynamic assessment in heart failure. Heart Fail Clin. 2009 Apr. 5(2):191-208. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

109. Gupta VA, Nanda NC, Sorrell VL. Role of echocardiography in the diagnostic assessment and etiology of heart failure in older adults: opacify, quantify, and rectify. Heart Fail Clin. 2017 Jul. 13(3):445-66. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

110. Meersch M, Schmidt C, Zarbock A. Echophysiology: the transesophageal echo probe as a noninvasive Swan-Ganz catheter. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2016 Feb. 29(1):36-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

111. Kim RJ, Wu E, Rafael A, et al. The use of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to identify reversible myocardial dysfunction. N Engl J Med. 2000 Nov 16. 343(20):1445-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

112. [Guideline] Ritchie JL, Bateman TM, Bonow RO, et al. Guidelines for clinical use of cardiac radionuclide imaging. Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Assessment of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Cardiovascular Procedures (Committee on Radionuclide Imaging), developed in collaboration with the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995 Feb. 25(2):521-47. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

113. Taillefer R, DePuey EG, Udelson JE, Beller GA, Latour Y, Reeves F. Comparative diagnostic accuracy of Tl-201 and Tc-99m sestamibi SPECT imaging (perfusion and ECG-gated SPECT) in detecting coronary artery disease in women. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997 Jan. 29(1):69-77. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

114. Bonow RO, Maurer G, Lee KL, et al, for the STICH Trial Investigators. Myocardial viability and survival in ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. N Engl J Med. 2011 Apr 28. 364(17):1617-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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Ioana Dumitru, MD Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Founder and Medical Director, Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center; Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center

Ioana Dumitru, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Cardiology, Heart Failure Society of America, International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Yasmine S Ali, MD, MSCI, FACC, FACP Assistant Clinical Professor of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; President, LastSky Writing, LLC

Yasmine S Ali, MD, MSCI, FACC, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Cardiology, American College of Physicians, American Heart Association, American Medical Association, American Medical Writers Association, National Lipid Association, Tennessee Medical Association

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant or trustee for: LastSky Writing;Philips Healthcare;M Health;Athena Health;PeerView Institute;Verywell Health; HealthCentral;MedEdicus;Pharmaceutical Training Institute;Elsevier;MedStudy;North American Thrombosis Forum;WellnessVerge;Prose Media; AKH, Inc.<br/>Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: North American Thrombosis Forum.

Gyanendra K Sharma, MD, FACC, FASE Professor of Medicine and Radiology, Director, Adult Echocardiography Laboratory, Section of Cardiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University

Gyanendra K Sharma, MD, FACC, FASE is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Cardiologists of Indian Origin, American Association of Physicians of Indian Origin, American College of Cardiology, American Society of Echocardiography, Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mathue M Baker, MD Cardiologist, BryanLGH Heart Institute and Saint Elizabeth Regional Medical Center

Mathue M Baker, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Cardiology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Henry H Ooi, MD, MRCPI Director, Advanced Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Program, Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Assistant Professor of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mariclaire Cloutier Freelance editor, Medscape Drugs & Diseases

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Barry E Brenner, MD, PhD, FACEP Professor of Emergency Medicine, Professor of Internal Medicine, Program Director, Emergency Medicine, Case Medical Center, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine

Barry E Brenner, MD, PhD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Heart Association, American Thoracic Society, Arkansas Medical Society, New York Academy of Medicine, New York AcademyofSciences,and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

David FM Brown, MD Associate Professor, Division of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Vice Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital

David FM Brown, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

William K Chiang, MD Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, New York University School of Medicine; Chief of Service, Department of Emergency Medicine, Bellevue Hospital Center

William K Chiang, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Clinical Toxicology, American College of Medical Toxicology, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Joseph Cornelius Cleveland Jr, MD Associate Professor, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center

Joseph Cornelius Cleveland Jr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Cardiology, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Surgeons, American Geriatrics Society, American Physiological Society, American Society of Transplant Surgeons, Association for Academic Surgery, Heart Failure Society of America, International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation, Phi Beta Kappa, Society of Critical Care Medicine, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, and Western Thoracic Surgical Association

Disclosure: Thoratec Heartmate II Pivotal Tria; Grant/research funds Principal Investigator - Colorado; Abbott Vascular E-Valve E-clip Honoraria Consulting; Baxter Healthcare Corp Consulting fee Board membership; Heartware Advance BTT Trial Grant/research funds Principal Investigator- Colorado; Heartware Endurance DT trial Grant/research funds Principal Investigator-Colorado

Shamai Grossman, MD, MS Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Director, The Clinical Decision Unit and Cardiac Emergency Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center

Shamai Grossman, MD, MS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

John D Newell Jr, MD Professor of Radiology, Head, Division of Radiology, National Jewish Health; Professor, Department of Radiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine

John D Newell Jr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Radiology, American Roentgen Ray Society, American Thoracic Society, Association of University Radiologists, Radiological Society of North America, and Society of Thoracic Radiology

Disclosure: Siemens Medical Grant/research funds Consulting; Vida Corporation Ownership interest Board membership; TeraRecon Grant/research funds Consulting; Medscape Reference Honoraria Consulting; Humana Press Honoraria Other

Craig H Selzman, MD, FACS Associate Professor of Surgery, Surgical Director, Cardiac Mechanical Support and Heart Transplant, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine

Craig H Selzman, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American College of Surgeons, American Physiological Society, Association for Academic Surgery, International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, Southern Thoracic Surgical Association, and Western Thoracic Surgical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Gary Setnik, MD Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital; Assistant Professor, Division of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School

Gary Setnik, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, National Association of EMS Physicians, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: SironaHealth Salary Management position; South Middlesex EMS Consortium Salary Management position; ProceduresConsult.com Royalty Other

Brett C Sheridan, MD, FACS Associate Professor of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

George A Stouffer III, MD Henry A Foscue Distinguished Professor of Medicine and Cardiology, Director of Interventional Cardiology, Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory, Chief of Clinical Cardiology, Division of Cardiology, University of North Carolina Medical Center

George A Stouffer III, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Cardiology, American College of Physicians, American Heart Association, Phi Beta Kappa, and Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

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