Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Questions & Answers

1. Ashbaugh DG, Bigelow DB, Petty TL. Acute respiratory distress in adults. Lancet. 1967 Aug 12. 2(7511):319-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Bernard GR, Artigas A, Brigham KL. The American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS. Definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes, and clinical trial coordination. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994 Mar. 149(3 Pt 1):818-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. ARDS Definition Task Force, Ranieri VM, Rubenfeld GD, Thompson BT, Ferguson ND, Caldwell E, et al. Acute respiratory distress syndrome: the Berlin Definition. JAMA. 2012 Jun 20. 307 (23):2526-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Famous KR, Delucchi K, Ware LB, Kangelaris KN, Liu KD, Thompson BT, et al. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Subphenotypes Respond Differently to Randomized Fluid Management Strategy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017 Feb 1. 195 (3):331-338. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Calfee CS, Matthay MA, Eisner MD, Benowitz N, Call M, Pittet JF, et al. Active and Passive Cigarette Smoking and Acute Lung Injury Following Severe Blunt Trauma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 Mar 18. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Glavan BJ, Holden TD, Goss CH, Black RA, Neff MJ, Nathens AB, et al. Genetic variation in the FAS gene and associations with acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 Feb 1. 183(3):356-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

7. Li G, Malinchoc M, Cartin-Ceba R, Venkata CV, Kor DJ, Peters SG, et al. Eight-year trend of acute respiratory distress syndrome: a population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 Jan 1. 183 (1):59-66. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Luhr OR, Antonsen K, Karlsson M. Incidence and mortality after acute respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome in Sweden, Denmark, and Iceland. The ARF Study Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 Jun. 159(6):1849-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Davidson TA, Caldwell ES, Curtis JR. Reduced quality of life in survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome compared with critically ill control patients. JAMA. 1999 Jan 27. 281(4):354-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Davey-Quinn A, Gedney JA, Whiteley SM. Extravascular lung water and acute respiratory distress syndrome--oxygenation and outcome. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1999 Aug. 27(4):357-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Bellani G, Laffey JG, Pham T, Fan E, Brochard L, Esteban A, et al. Epidemiology, Patterns of Care, and Mortality for Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Intensive Care Units in 50 Countries. JAMA. 2016 Feb 23. 315 (8):788-800. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Chen CY, Yang KY, Chen MY, Chen HY, Lin MT, Lee YC, et al. Decoy receptor 3 levels in peripheral blood predict outcomes of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009 Oct 15. 180(8):751-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Herridge MS, Cheung AM, Tansey CM. One-year outcomes in survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2003 Feb 20. 348(8):683-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Herridge MS, Tansey CM, Matté A, et al. Functional disability 5 years after acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2011 Apr 7. 364(14):1293-304. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Masclans JR, Roca O, Muñoz X, Pallisa E, Torres F, Rello J, et al. Quality of life, pulmonary function, and tomographic scan abnormalities after ARDS. Chest. 2011 Jun. 139(6):1340-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Kress JP, Pohlman AS, O'Connor MF, Hall JB. Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med. 2000 May 18. 342(20):1471-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Spencer-Segal JL, Hyzy RC, Iwashyna TJ, Standiford TJ. Psychiatric Symptoms in Survivors of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Effects of Age, Sex, and Immune Modulation. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017 Jun. 14 (6):960-967. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Levitt JE, Vinayak AG, Gehlbach BK, et al. Diagnostic utility of B-type natriuretic peptide in critically ill patients with pulmonary edema: a prospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2008. 12(1):R3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

19. Mekontso Dessap A, Boissier F, Leon R, Carreira S, Campo FR, Lemaire F, et al. Prevalence and prognosis of shunting across patent foramen ovale during acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med. 2010 Sep. 38(9):1786-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Zochios V, Parhar K, Tunnicliffe W, Roscoe A, Gao F. The Right Ventricle in ARDS. Chest. 2017 Jul. 152 (1):181-193. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Mekontso Dessap A, Proost O, Boissier F, Louis B, Roche Campo F, Brochard L. Transesophageal echocardiography in prone position during severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med. 2011 Mar. 37(3):430-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. The NHLBI ARDS Clinical Trials Network. Pulmonary-artery versus central venous catheter to guide treatment of acute lung injury. N Engl J Med. 2006 May 25. 354(21):2213-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Connors AF Jr, Speroff T, Dawson NV. The effectiveness of right heart catheterization in the initial care of critically ill patients. SUPPORT Investigators. JAMA. 1996 Sep 18. 276(11):889-97. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Martin-Loeches I, Lisboa T, Rhodes A, Moreno RP, Silva E, Sprung C, et al. Use of early corticosteroid therapy on ICU admission in patients affected by severe pandemic (H1N1)v influenza A infection. Intensive Care Med. 2011 Feb. 37(2):272-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Brun-Buisson C, Richard JC, Mercat A, Thiébaut AC, Brochard L. Early Corticosteroids in Severe Influenza A/H1N1 Pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 May 1. 183(9):1200-1206. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Cepkova M, Matthay MA. Pharmacotherapy of acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. J Intensive Care Med. 2006 May-Jun. 21(3):119-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Walkey AJ, Soylemez Wiener R. Utilization patterns and patient outcomes associated with use of rescue therapies in acute lung injury. Crit Care Med. 2011 Feb 17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Dellinger RP, Zimmerman JL, Taylor RW. Effects of inhaled nitric oxide in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: results of a randomized phase II trial. Inhaled Nitric Oxide in ARDS Study Group. Crit Care Med. 1998 Jan. 26(1):15-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Griffiths MJ, Evans TW. Inhaled nitric oxide therapy in adults. N Engl J Med. 2005 Dec 22. 353(25):2683-95.

30. Afshari A, Brok J, Møller AM, Wetterslev J. Inhaled nitric oxide for acute respiratory distress syndrome and acute lung injury in adults and children: a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Anesth Analg. 2011 Jun. 112(6):1411-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. The NHLBI ARDS Clinical Trials Network. Comparison of two fluid-management strategies in acute lung injury. N Engl J Med. 2006 Jun 15. 354(24):2564-75. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Mikkelsen ME, Christie JD, Lanken PN, Biester RC, Thompson BT, Bellamy SL, et al. The adult respiratory distress syndrome cognitive outcomes study: long-term neuropsychological function in survivors of acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012 Jun 15. 185(12):1307-15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

33. Lakhal K, Ehrmann S, Benzekri-Lefèvre D, Runge I, Legras A, Dequin PF, et al. Respiratory pulse pressure variation fails to predict fluid responsiveness in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care. 2011 Mar 7. 15(2):R85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Frat JP, Thille AW, Mercat A, et al. High-flow oxygen through nasal cannula in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. N Engl J Med. 2015 Jun 4. 372 (23):2185-96. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2000 May 4. 342(18):1301-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Brower RG, Lanken PN, MacIntyre N, Matthay MA, Morris A, Ancukiewicz M. Higher versus lower positive end-expiratory pressures in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jul 22. 351(4):327-36. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Talmor D, Sarge T, O'Donnell CR, Ritz R, Malhotra A, Lisbon A, et al. Esophageal and transpulmonary pressures in acute respiratory failure. Crit Care Med. 2006 May. 34 (5):1389-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Amato MB, Meade MO, Slutsky AS, Brochard L, Costa EL, Schoenfeld DA, et al. Driving pressure and survival in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2015 Feb 19. 372 (8):747-55. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Papazian L, Forel JM, Gacouin A, Penot-Ragon C, Perrin G, Loundou A, et al. Neuromuscular blockers in early acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2010 Sep 16. 363(12):1107-16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute PETAL Clinical Trials Network. Early Neuromuscular Blockade in the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2019 May 23. 380 (21):1997-2008. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Jaber S, Petrof BJ, Jung B, Chanques G, Berthet JP, Rabuel C, et al. Rapidly progressive diaphragmatic weakness and injury during mechanical ventilation in humans. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 Feb 1. 183(3):364-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Amato MB, Barbas CS, Medeiros DM. Effect of a protective-ventilation strategy on mortality in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1998 Feb 5. 338(6):347-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Briel M, Meade M, Mercat A, Brower RG, Talmor D, Walter SD, et al. Higher vs lower positive end-expiratory pressure in patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2010 Mar 3. 303(9):865-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Bellani G, Guerra L, Musch G, Zanella A, Patroniti N, Mauri T, et al. Lung Regional Metabolic Activity and Gas Volume Changes Induced by Tidal Ventilation in Patients with Acute Lung Injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 Jan 21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Esteban A, Alia I, Gordo F. Prospective randomized trial comparing pressure-controlled ventilation and volume-controlled ventilation in ARDS. For the Spanish Lung Failure Collaborative Group. Chest. 2000 Jun. 117(6):1690-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Ferguson ND, Cook DJ, Guyatt GH, Mehta S, Hand L, Austin P, et al. High-frequency oscillation in early acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2013 Feb 28. 368 (9):795-805. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Kacmarek RM, Wiedemann HP, Lavin PT. Partial liquid ventilation in adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006 Apr 15. 173(8):882-9.

48. Gattinoni L, Tognoni G, Pesenti A. Effect of prone positioning on the survival of patients with acute respiratory failure. N Engl J Med. 2001 Aug 23. 345(8):568-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Guerin C, Gaillard S, Lemasson S. Effects of systematic prone positioning in hypoxemic acute respiratory failure: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004 Nov 17. 292(19):2379-87.

50. Guerin C, Reignier J, Richard JC, Neuret P, PROCENA Study Group. Prone positioning in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2013 Jun 6. 368 (23):2159-68. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Morris AH, Wallace CJ, Menlove RL, et al. Randomized clinical trial of pressure-controlled inverse ratio ventilation and extracorporeal CO2 removal for adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994 Feb. 149(2 Pt 1):295-305. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Bishop JF, Murnane MP, Owen R. Australia's winter with the 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus. N Engl J Med. 2009 Dec 31. 361(27):2591-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Combes A, Hajage D, Capellier G, et al. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2018 May 24. 378 (21):1965-1975. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Gadek JE, DeMichele SJ, Karlstad MD. Effect of enteral feeding with eicosapentaenoic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, and antioxidants in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Enteral Nutrition in ARDS Study Group. Crit Care Med. 1999 Aug. 27(8):1409-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Pontes-Arruda A, Aragão AM, Albuquerque JD. Effects of enteral feeding with eicosapentaenoic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, and antioxidants in mechanically ventilated patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2006 Sep. 34(9):2325-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Rice TW, Wheeler AP, Thompson BT, deBoisblanc BP, Steingrub J, Rock P, et al. Enteral omega-3 fatty acid, gamma-linolenic acid, and antioxidant supplementation in acute lung injury. JAMA. 2011 Oct 12. 306 (14):1574-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Rice TW, Wheeler AP, Thompson BT, Steingrub J, Hite RD, Moss M, et al. Initial trophic vs full enteral feeding in patients with acute lung injury: the EDEN randomized trial. JAMA. 2012 Feb 22. 307(8):795-803. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Gajic O, Dara SI, Mendez JL, et al. Ventilator-associated lung injury in patients without acute lung injury at the onset of mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med. 2004 Sep. 32(9):1817-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. Craig TR, Duffy MJ, Shyamsundar M, et al. A randomized clinical trial of hydroxymethylglutaryl- coenzyme a reductase inhibition for acute lung injury (The HARP Study). Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 Mar 1. 183(5):620-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

60. Meduri GU, Chinn AJ, Leeper KV. Corticosteroid rescue treatment of progressive fibroproliferation in late ARDS. Patterns of response and predictors of outcome. Chest. 1994 May. 105(5):1516-27. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

61. Steinberg KP, Hudson LD, Goodman RB, Hough CL, Lanken PN, Hyzy R. Efficacy and safety of corticosteroids for persistent acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2006 Apr 20. 354(16):1671-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Eloise M Harman, MD Staff Physician and MICU Director, Pulmonary Division, Gainesville Veterans Affairs Medical Center

Eloise M Harman, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Chest Physicians, American Medical Women's Association, American Thoracic Society, Phi Beta Kappa, Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Leonard E Riley, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine, Associate Program Director, Pulmonary and Critical Care Fellowship, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine

Leonard E Riley, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Chest Physicians, American Thoracic Society, Society of Critical Care Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michael R Pinsky, MD, CM, Dr(HC), FCCP, FAPS, MCCM Professor of Critical Care Medicine, Bioengineering, Cardiovascular Disease, Clinical and Translational Science and Anesthesiology, Vice-Chair of Academic Affairs, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine

Michael R Pinsky, MD, CM, Dr(HC), FCCP, FAPS, MCCM is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Critical Care Medicine, American Thoracic Society, European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, Society of Critical Care Medicine

Disclosure: Received income in an amount equal to or greater than $250 from: Baxter Medical, Exostat, LiDCO<br/>Received honoraria from LiDCO Ltd for consulting; Received intellectual property rights from iNTELOMED.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD

Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

Rajat Walia, MD

Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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