Heat Stroke Questions & Answers

1. [Guideline] Lipman GS, Eifling KP, Ellis MA, Gaudio FG, Otten EM, Grissom CK. Wilderness Medical Society practice guidelines for the prevention and treatment of heat-related illness. Wilderness Environ Med. 2013 Dec. 24(4):351-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Bouchama A, Knochel JP. Heat stroke. N Engl J Med. 2002 Jun 20. 346 (25):1978-88. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Bongers CC, Thijssen DH, Veltmeijer MT, Hopman MT, Eijsvogels TM. Precooling and percooling (cooling during exercise) both improve performance in the heat: a meta-analytical review. Br J Sports Med. 2015 Mar. 49 (6):377-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

4. Tyler CJ, Sunderland C, Cheung SS. The effect of cooling prior to and during exercise on exercise performance and capacity in the heat: a meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2015 Jan. 49 (1):7-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Sunderland C, Stevens R, Everson B, Tyler CJ. Neck-cooling improves repeated sprint performance in the heat. Front Physiol. 2015. 6:314. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

6. Lee JKW, Tan B, Ogden HB, Chapman S, Sawka MN. Exertional heat stroke: nutritional considerations. Exp Physiol. 2022 May 6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Climate Effects on Health. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/climateandhealth/effects/default.htm. March 2, 2021; Accessed: October 21, 2021.

8. Vaidyanathan A, Malilay J, Schramm P, Saha S. Heat-Related Deaths - United States, 2004-2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 Jun 19. 69 (24):729-734. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Gronlund CJ. Racial and socioeconomic disparities in heat-related health effects and their mechanisms: a review. Curr Epidemiol Rep. 2014 Sep 1. 1 (3):165-173. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. O'Neill MS, Zanobetti A, Schwartz J. Disparities by race in heat-related mortality in four US cities: the role of air conditioning prevalence. J Urban Health. 2005 Jun. 82 (2):191-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Heat illness among high school athletes --- United States, 2005-2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010 Aug 20. 59(32):1009-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

12. Lee S, Lee SH. Exertional heat stroke with reversible severe cerebral edema. Clin Exp Emerg Med. 2021 Sep. 8 (3):242-245. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

13. National Center for Catastrophic Injury Research. Catastrophic sport injury 32nd annual report. University of North Carolina. Available at https://nccsir.unc.edu/files/2013/10/NCCSIR-32nd-Annual-All-Sport-Report-1982_2014.pdf. November 13, 2015; Accessed: October 21, 2021.

14. [Guideline] American College of Sports Medicine Joint Statement. National Athletic Trainers' Association. Inter-Association Task Force on Exertional Heat Illnesses Consensus Statement. 2003. Available at http://www.nata.org/sites/default/files/inter-association-task-force-exertional-heat-illness.pdf. Accessed: October 21, 2021.

15. Mazerolle SM, Pinkus DE, Casa DJ, et al. Evidence-based medicine and the recognition and treatment of exertional heat stroke, part II: a perspective from the clinical athletic trainer. J Athl Train. 2011 Sep-Oct. 46(5):533-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

16. Kanda J, Nakahara S, Nakamura S, Miyake Y, Shimizu K, Yokobori S, et al. Association between active cooling and lower mortality among patients with heat stroke and heat exhaustion. PLoS One. 2021. 16 (11):e0259441. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

17. Mazerolle SM, Ganio MS, Casa DJ, Vingren J, Klau J. Is oral temperature an accurate measurement of deep body temperature? A systematic review. J Athl Train. 2011 Sep-Oct. 46(5):566-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

18. Heled Y, Rav-Acha M, Shani Y, Epstein Y, Moran DS. The "golden hour" for heatstroke treatment. Mil Med. 2004 Mar. 169(3):184-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Bouchama A, Dehbi M, Chaves-Carballo E. Cooling and hemodynamic management in heatstroke: practical recommendations. Critical Care 2007. May 12, 2007. 11 (issue 3):1-17. [Full Text].

20. [Guideline] Lipman GS, Gaudio FG, Eifling KP, Ellis MA, Otten EM, Grissom CK. Wilderness Medical Society Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Heat Illness: 2019 Update. Wilderness Environ Med. 2019 Jun 17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

Robert S Helman, MD Director, Premier Care of Great Neck Urgent Care Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Rania Habal, MD Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, New York Medical College

Rania Habal, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Joe Alcock, MD, MS Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center

Joe Alcock, MD, MS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Laurie Robin Grier, MD Medical Director of MICU, Professor of Medicine, Emergency Medicine, Anesthesiology and Obstetrics/Gynecology, Fellowship Director for Critical Care Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Science Center at Shreveport

Laurie Robin Grier, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, Society of Critical Care Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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