Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) Questions & Answers

1. Seymour CW, Liu VX, Iwashyna TJ, Brunkhorst FM, Rea TD, Scherag A, et al. Assessment of Clinical Criteria for Sepsis: For the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016 Feb 23. 315 (8):762-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. [Guideline] Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, et al. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016 Feb 23. 315 (8):801-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Vincent JL, de Mendonça A, Cantraine F, Moreno R, Takala J, Suter PM, et al. Use of the SOFA score to assess the incidence of organ dysfunction/failure in intensive care units: results of a multicenter, prospective study. Working group on "sepsis-related problems" of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Crit Care Med. 1998 Nov. 26 (11):1793-800. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. [Guideline] Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC, Abraham E, Angus D, Cook D, et al. 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. Crit Care Med. 2003 Apr. 31 (4):1250-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. [Guideline] Bone RC, Balk RA, Cerra FB, Dellinger RP, Fein AM, Knaus WA, et al. Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. The ACCP/SCCM Consensus Conference Committee. American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine. Chest. 1992 Jun. 101 (6):1644-55. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Bae JS. Role of high mobility group box 1 in inflammatory disease: focus on sepsis. Arch Pharm Res. 2012 Sep. 35(9):1511-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Wang KY, Yu GF, Zhang ZY, Huang Q, Dong XQ. Plasma high-mobility group box 1 levels and prediction of outcome in patients with traumatic brain injury. Clin Chim Acta. 2012 Nov 12. 413(21-22):1737-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Fung YL, Fraser JF, Wood P, Minchinton RM, Silliman CC. The systemic inflammatory response syndrome induces functional changes and relative hyporesponsiveness in neutrophils. J Crit Care. 2008 Dec. 23(4):542-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Dremsizov T, Gilles C, Kellum JA. Severe sepsis in community-acquired pneumonia: when does it happen, and do systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria help predict course?. Chest. 2006. 129:965-978.

10. Thoeni RF. The revised atlanta classification of acute pancreatitis: its importance for the radiologist and its effect on treatment. Radiology. 2012 Mar. 262(3):751-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Rangel-Fausto MS, Pittet D, Costigan M. The natural history of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). A prospective study. JAMA. 1995. 273:117-123. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Pittet D, Rangel-Fausto MS, Li N. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock: incidence, morbidities and outcomes in surgical ICU patients. Int Care Med. 1995. 21:302-309.

13. Heffner AC, Horton JM, Marchick MR, Jones AE. Etiology of illness in patients with severe sepsis admitted to the hospital from the emergency department. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Mar 15. 50(6):814-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Comstedt P, Storgaard M, Lassen AT. The Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) in acutely hospitalised medical patients: a cohort study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2009 Dec 27. 17(1):67. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

15. Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Lidicker J. Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: Analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care. Crit Care Med. 2001. 29:1303-1310. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Kaukonen KM, Bailey M, Suzuki S, Pilcher D, Bellomo R. Mortality related to severe sepsis and septic shock among critically ill patients in Australia and New Zealand, 2000-2012. JAMA. 2014 Apr 2. 311(13):1308-16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Shapiro N, Howell MD, Bates DW, Angus DC, Ngo L, Talmor D. The association of sepsis syndrome and organ dysfunction with mortality in emergency department patients with suspected infection. Ann Emerg Med. 2006 Nov. 48 (5):583-90, 590.e1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Sinning JM, Scheer AC, Adenauer V, Ghanem A, Hammerstingl C, Schueler R, et al. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome predicts increased mortality in patients after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Eur Heart J. 2012 Jun. 33 (12):1459-68. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Nierhaus A, Klatte S, Linssen J, Eismann NM, Wichmann D, Hedke J, et al. Revisiting the white blood cell count: immature granulocytes count as a diagnostic marker to discriminate between SIRS and sepsis--a prospective, observational study. BMC Immunol. 2013 Feb 12. 14:8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Lai CC, Chen SY, Wang CY, Wang JY, Su CP, Liao CH, et al. Diagnostic value of procalcitonin for bacterial infection in elderly patients in the emergency department. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010 Mar. 58(3):518-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Jekarl DW, Lee SY, Lee J, Park YJ, Kim Y, Park JH, et al. Procalcitonin as a diagnostic marker and IL-6 as a prognostic marker for sepsis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013 Apr. 75(4):342-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Hoeboer SH, Alberts E, van den Hul I, Tacx AN, Debets-Ossenkopp YJ, Groeneveld AB. Old and new biomarkers for predicting high and low risk microbial infection in critically ill patients with new onset fever: a case for procalcitonin. J Infect. 2012 May. 64 (5):484-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Arkader R, Troster EJ, Lopes MR. Procalcitonin does discriminate between sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Arch Dis Child. 2006. 91:117-120.

24. Selberg O, Hecker H, Martin M. Discrimination of sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome by determination of circulating plasma concentration of procalcitonin, protein complement 3a and interleukin-6. Crit Care Med. 2000. 28:2793-2798.

25. Balci C, Sivaci R, Akbulut G, Karabekir HS. Procalcitonin levels as an early marker in patients with multiple trauma under intensive care. J Int Med Res. 2009 Nov-Dec. 37(6):1709-17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Hohn A, Schroeder S, Gehrt A, Bernhardt K, Bein B, Wegscheider K, et al. Procalcitonin-guided algorithm to reduce length of antibiotic therapy in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. BMC Infect Dis. 2013 Apr 1. 13:158. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

27. Giannoudis PV, Harwood PJ, Loughenbury P, Van Griensven M, Krettek C, Pape HC. Correlation between IL-6 levels and the systemic inflammatory response score: can an IL-6 cutoff predict a SIRS state?. J Trauma. 2008 Sep. 65(3):646-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Bracho-Riquelme RL, Reyes-Romero MA. Leptin in sepsis: a well-suited biomarker in critically ill patients?. Crit Care. 2010. 14(2):138. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Yousef AA, Amr YM, Suliman GA. The diagnostic value of serum leptin monitoring and its correlation with tumor necrosis factor-alpha in critically ill patients: a prospective observational study. Crit Care. 2010. 14(2):R33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. [Guideline] Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012. Intensive Care Med. 2013 Feb. 39(2):165-228. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Annane D, Bellissant E, Bollaert PE, Briegel J, Confalonieri M, De Gaudio R, et al. Corticosteroids in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock in adults: a systematic review. JAMA. 2009 Jun 10. 301(22):2362-75. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Jeschke MG, Klein D, Herndon DN. Insulin therapy improves systemic inflammatory reaction to severe trauma. Ann Surg. 2004. 239:553-560.

33. Krinsley JS. Effect of an intensive glucose management protocol on the mortality of critically ill adult patients. Mayo Clin Proc. 2004. 79:992-1000. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Van den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Hermans G. Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU. N Eng J Med. 2006. 354:449-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Ferreira FL, Bota DP, Bross A, Mélot C, Vincent JL. Serial evaluation of the SOFA score to predict outcome in critically ill patients. JAMA. 2001 Oct 10. 286 (14):1754-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Kamran Boka, MD, MS Attending Physician in Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, StatCare

Kamran Boka, MD, MS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Critical Care Medicine, Society of Critical Care Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michael R Pinsky, MD, CM, Dr(HC), FCCP, FAPS, MCCM Professor of Critical Care Medicine, Bioengineering, Cardiovascular Disease, Clinical and Translational Science and Anesthesiology, Vice-Chair of Academic Affairs, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine

Michael R Pinsky, MD, CM, Dr(HC), FCCP, FAPS, MCCM is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Critical Care Medicine, American Thoracic Society, European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, Society of Critical Care Medicine

Disclosure: Received income in an amount equal to or greater than $250 from: Baxter Medical, Exostat, LiDCO<br/>Received honoraria from LiDCO Ltd for consulting; Received intellectual property rights from iNTELOMED.

Lewis J Kaplan, MD, FACS, FCCM, FCCP Professor of Surgery, Division of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care, and Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Section Chief, Surgical Critical Care, Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center

Lewis J Kaplan, MD, FACS, FCCM, FCCP is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Surgery of Trauma, American College of Surgeons, Association for Academic Surgery, Association for Surgical Education, Connecticut State Medical Society, Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma, International Trauma Anesthesia and Critical Care Society, Society for the Advancement of Blood Management, Society of Critical Care Medicine, Surgical Infection Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Heatherlee Bailey, MD Assistant Program Director, Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Medical College of Pennsylvania Hahnemann University

Heatherlee Bailey, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, Association for Surgical Education, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, and Society of Critical Care Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Steven D Burdette, MD, FIDSA Associate Professor of Medicine, Program Director, Infectious Diseases Fellowship, Wright State University, Boonshoft School of Medicine; Infectious Disease Advisor to Transplant Program, Miami Valley Hospital; Medical Director of Infectious Diseases, Green Memorial Hospital

Steven D Burdette, MD, FIDSA is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Society for Microbiology, American Society of Transplantation, Infectious Diseases Society of America, and Transplantation Society

Disclosure: Cubist Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Merck Honoraria Speaking and teaching

Joseph F John Jr, MD, FACP, FIDSA, FSHEA Clinical Professor of Medicine, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Medical University of South Carolina College of Medicine; Associate Chief of Staff for Education, Ralph H Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Klaus-Dieter Lessnau, MD, FCCP Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine; Medical Director, Pulmonary Physiology Laboratory; Director of Research in Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Medicine, Lenox Hill Hospital

Klaus-Dieter Lessnau, MD, FCCP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, American Thoracic Society, and Society of Critical Care Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Miguel A Parilo, MD, FACP Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Wright State University, Boonshoft School of Medicine; Medical Director, The Bull Family Diabetes Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

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