Smout AJ. Advances in esophageal motor disorders. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2008 Jul. 24(4):485-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Tanaka Y, Ihara E, Nakamura K, et al. Clinical characteristics associated with esophageal motility function. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016 Jun. 31(6):1133-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ferguson TB, Woodbury JD, Roper CL, Burford TH. Giant muscular hypertrophy of the esophagus. Ann Thorac Surg. 1969 Sep. 8(3):209-18. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Floch MH. Esophageal motility disorders. Floch MH, Kowdley KV, Pitchumoni CS, Floch NR, Rosenthal R, Scolapio J, eds. Netter's Gastroenterology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders; 2010. 35-8.
Almansa C, Hinder RA, Smith CD, Achem SR. A comprehensive appraisal of the surgical treatment of diffuse esophageal spasm. J Gastrointest Surg. 2008 Jun. 12(6):1133-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Grubel C, Borovicka J, Schwizer W, Fox M, Hebbard G. Diffuse esophageal spasm. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008 Feb. 103(2):450-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Almansa C, Achem SR. [Diffuse esophageal spasm (DES). Practical concepts of diagnosis and treatment] [Spanish]. Rev Gastroenterol Mex. 2007 Apr-Jun. 72(2):136-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Almansa C, Heckman MG, DeVault KR, Bouras E, Achem SR. Esophageal spasm: demographic, clinical, radiographic, and manometric features in 108 patients. Dis Esophagus. 2012 Apr. 25(3):214-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Managing diffuse oesophageal spasm. Drug Ther Bull. 2011 May. 49(5):54-7; quiz i-ii. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Nino-Murcia M, Stark P, Triadafilopoulos G. Esophageal wall thickening: a CT finding in diffuse esophageal spasm. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1997 Mar-Apr. 21(2):318-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Mittal RK. Motor and sensory function of the esophagus: revelations through ultrasound imaging. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2005 Apr. 39(4 Suppl 2):S42-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kahrilas PJ, Ghosh SK, Pandolfino JE. Esophageal motility disorders in terms of pressure topography: the Chicago Classification. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008 May-Jun. 42(5):627-35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Carniel EL, Frigo A, Costantini M, et al. A physiological model for the investigation of esophageal motility in healthy and pathologic conditions. Proc Inst Mech Eng H. 2016 Sep. 230(9):892-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Barret M, Herregods TV, Oors JM, Smout AJ, Bredenoord AJ. Diagnostic yield of 24-hour esophageal manometry in non-cardiac chest pain. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2016 Aug. 28(8):1186-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Carlson DA, Pandolfino JE. The Chicago criteria for esophageal motility disorders: what has changed in the past 5 years?. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2012 Jul. 28(4):395-402. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Pandolfino JE, Fox MR, Bredenoord AJ, Kahrilas PJ. High-resolution manometry in clinical practice: utilizing pressure topography to classify oesophageal motility abnormalities. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2009 Aug. 21(8):796-806. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Herbella FA, Raz DJ, Nipomnick I, Patti MG. Primary versus secondary esophageal motility disorders: diagnosis and implications for treatment. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2009 Apr. 19(2):195-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Clarke JO, Pandolfino JE. Esophageal motor disorders: how to bridge the gap between advanced diagnostic tools and paucity of therapeutic modalities?. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2012 Jul. 46(6):442-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Nguyen NQ, Ching K, Tippett M, Smout AJ, Holloway RH. Impact of nadir lower oesophageal sphincter pressure on bolus clearance assessed by combined manometry and multi-channel intra-luminal impedance measurement. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2010 Jan. 22(1):50-5, e9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Tutuian R, Mainie I, Agrawal A, Gideon RM, Katz PO, Castell DO. Symptom and function heterogenicity among patients with distal esophageal spasm: studies using combined impedance-manometry. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006 Mar. 101(3):464-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Cameron R, Barclay M, Dobbs B. Ambulatory oesophageal manometry and pH monitoring for investigation of chest pain: a New Zealand experience. N Z Med J. Mar 10, 2006. 119(1230):U1877. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Miller LS, Parkman HP, Schiano TD, et al. Treatment of symptomatic nonachalasia esophageal motor disorders with botulinum toxin injection at the lower esophageal sphincter. Dig Dis Sci. 1996 Oct. 41(10):2025-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Irving JD, Owen WJ, Linsell J, McCullagh M, Keightley A, Anggiansah A. Management of diffuse esophageal spasm with balloon dilatation. Gastrointest Radiol. 1992. 17(3):189-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Winters C, Artnak EJ, Benjamin SB, Castell DO. Esophageal bougienage in symptomatic patients with the nutcracker esophagus. A primary esophageal motility disorder. JAMA. 1984 Jul 20. 252(3):363-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Martínek J, Akiyama JI, Vackova Z, et al. Current treatment options for esophageal diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2016 Oct. 1381(1):139-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Salvador R, Costantini M, Rizzetto C, Zaninotto G. Diffuse esophageal spasm: the surgical approach. Dis Esophagus. 2012 May. 25(4):311-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Filicori F, Dunst CM, Sharata A, et al. Long-term outcomes following POEM for non-achalasia motility disorders of the esophagus. Surg Endosc. 2019 May. 33(5):1632-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Cannon RO 3rd, Quyyumi AA, Mincemoyer R, et al. Imipramine in patients with chest pain despite normal coronary angiograms. N Engl J Med. 1994 May 19. 330(20):1411-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Casselbrant A, Edebo A, Wennerblom J, et al. Actions by angiotensin II on esophageal contractility in humans. Gastroenterology. 2006 Nov. 132(1):249-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Dogan I, Mittal RK. Esophageal motor disorders: recent advances. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2006 Jul. 22(4):417-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Dogan I, Puckett JL, Padda BS, Mittal RK. Prevalence of increased esophageal muscle thickness in patients with esophageal symptoms. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007 Jan. 102(1):137-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Drenth JP, Bos LP, Engels LG. Efficacy of diltiazem in the treatment of diffuse oesophageal spasm. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1990 Aug. 4(4):411-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Eslick GD, Coulshed DS, Talley NJ. Diagnosis and treatment of noncardiac chest pain. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005 Oct. 2(10):463-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Feldman M, Friedman L, and Sleisenger M. Sleisenger & Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders; 2002. Vol 1:
Lacy BE, Weiser K. Esophageal motility disorders: medical therapy. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008 May-Jun. 42(5):652-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Manfrini O, Bazzocchi G, Luati A, Borghi A, Monari P, Bugiardini R. Coronary spasm reflects inputs from adjacent esophageal system. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2006 May. 290(5):H2085-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Nayar DS, Khandwala F, Achkar E, et al. Esophageal manometry: assessment of interpreter consistency. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005 Mar. 3(3):218-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Rieder F, Cheng L, Harnett KM, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux disease- associated esophagitis induces endogenous cytokine production leading to motor abnormalities. Gastroenterology. 2007 Jan. 132(1):154-65. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Santos R, Haack HG, Maddalena D, Hansen RD, Kellow JE. Evaluation of artificial neural networks in the classification of primary oesophageal dysmotility. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2006 Mar. 41(3):257-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Spencer HL, Smith L, Riley SA. A questionnaire study to assess long-term outcome in patients with abnormal esophageal manometry. Dysphagia. 2006 Jul. 21(3):149-55. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Swamy N. Esophageal spasm: clinical and manometric response to nitroglycerine and long acting nitrites. Gastroenterology. 1977 Jan. 72(1):23-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Vaezi MF. Review article: the role of pH monitoring in extraoesophageal gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Mar. 23 Suppl 1:40-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ang D, Hollenstein M, Misselwitz B, et al. Rapid Drink Challenge in high-resolution manometry: an adjunctive test for detection of esophageal motility disorders. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2017 Jan. 29(1):[QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
van Hoeij FB, Tack JF, Pandolfino JE, et al. Complications of botulinum toxin injections for treatment of esophageal motility disorders†. Dis Esophagus. 2017 Feb 1. 30(3):1-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].