Esophageal Spasm Questions & Answers

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2. Tanaka Y, Ihara E, Nakamura K, et al. Clinical characteristics associated with esophageal motility function. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016 Jun. 31(6):1133-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Ferguson TB, Woodbury JD, Roper CL, Burford TH. Giant muscular hypertrophy of the esophagus. Ann Thorac Surg. 1969 Sep. 8(3):209-18. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Floch MH. Esophageal motility disorders. Floch MH, Kowdley KV, Pitchumoni CS, Floch NR, Rosenthal R, Scolapio J, eds. Netter's Gastroenterology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders; 2010. 35-8.

5. Almansa C, Hinder RA, Smith CD, Achem SR. A comprehensive appraisal of the surgical treatment of diffuse esophageal spasm. J Gastrointest Surg. 2008 Jun. 12(6):1133-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Grubel C, Borovicka J, Schwizer W, Fox M, Hebbard G. Diffuse esophageal spasm. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008 Feb. 103(2):450-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Almansa C, Achem SR. [Diffuse esophageal spasm (DES). Practical concepts of diagnosis and treatment] [Spanish]. Rev Gastroenterol Mex. 2007 Apr-Jun. 72(2):136-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Almansa C, Heckman MG, DeVault KR, Bouras E, Achem SR. Esophageal spasm: demographic, clinical, radiographic, and manometric features in 108 patients. Dis Esophagus. 2012 Apr. 25(3):214-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Managing diffuse oesophageal spasm. Drug Ther Bull. 2011 May. 49(5):54-7; quiz i-ii. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Nino-Murcia M, Stark P, Triadafilopoulos G. Esophageal wall thickening: a CT finding in diffuse esophageal spasm. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1997 Mar-Apr. 21(2):318-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Mittal RK. Motor and sensory function of the esophagus: revelations through ultrasound imaging. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2005 Apr. 39(4 Suppl 2):S42-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Kahrilas PJ, Ghosh SK, Pandolfino JE. Esophageal motility disorders in terms of pressure topography: the Chicago Classification. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008 May-Jun. 42(5):627-35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

13. Carniel EL, Frigo A, Costantini M, et al. A physiological model for the investigation of esophageal motility in healthy and pathologic conditions. Proc Inst Mech Eng H. 2016 Sep. 230(9):892-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Barret M, Herregods TV, Oors JM, Smout AJ, Bredenoord AJ. Diagnostic yield of 24-hour esophageal manometry in non-cardiac chest pain. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2016 Aug. 28(8):1186-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Carlson DA, Pandolfino JE. The Chicago criteria for esophageal motility disorders: what has changed in the past 5 years?. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2012 Jul. 28(4):395-402. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Pandolfino JE, Fox MR, Bredenoord AJ, Kahrilas PJ. High-resolution manometry in clinical practice: utilizing pressure topography to classify oesophageal motility abnormalities. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2009 Aug. 21(8):796-806. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Herbella FA, Raz DJ, Nipomnick I, Patti MG. Primary versus secondary esophageal motility disorders: diagnosis and implications for treatment. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2009 Apr. 19(2):195-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Clarke JO, Pandolfino JE. Esophageal motor disorders: how to bridge the gap between advanced diagnostic tools and paucity of therapeutic modalities?. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2012 Jul. 46(6):442-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Nguyen NQ, Ching K, Tippett M, Smout AJ, Holloway RH. Impact of nadir lower oesophageal sphincter pressure on bolus clearance assessed by combined manometry and multi-channel intra-luminal impedance measurement. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2010 Jan. 22(1):50-5, e9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Tutuian R, Mainie I, Agrawal A, Gideon RM, Katz PO, Castell DO. Symptom and function heterogenicity among patients with distal esophageal spasm: studies using combined impedance-manometry. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006 Mar. 101(3):464-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Cameron R, Barclay M, Dobbs B. Ambulatory oesophageal manometry and pH monitoring for investigation of chest pain: a New Zealand experience. N Z Med J. Mar 10, 2006. 119(1230):U1877. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Miller LS, Parkman HP, Schiano TD, et al. Treatment of symptomatic nonachalasia esophageal motor disorders with botulinum toxin injection at the lower esophageal sphincter. Dig Dis Sci. 1996 Oct. 41(10):2025-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Irving JD, Owen WJ, Linsell J, McCullagh M, Keightley A, Anggiansah A. Management of diffuse esophageal spasm with balloon dilatation. Gastrointest Radiol. 1992. 17(3):189-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Winters C, Artnak EJ, Benjamin SB, Castell DO. Esophageal bougienage in symptomatic patients with the nutcracker esophagus. A primary esophageal motility disorder. JAMA. 1984 Jul 20. 252(3):363-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Martínek J, Akiyama JI, Vackova Z, et al. Current treatment options for esophageal diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2016 Oct. 1381(1):139-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Salvador R, Costantini M, Rizzetto C, Zaninotto G. Diffuse esophageal spasm: the surgical approach. Dis Esophagus. 2012 May. 25(4):311-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Filicori F, Dunst CM, Sharata A, et al. Long-term outcomes following POEM for non-achalasia motility disorders of the esophagus. Surg Endosc. 2019 May. 33(5):1632-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Cannon RO 3rd, Quyyumi AA, Mincemoyer R, et al. Imipramine in patients with chest pain despite normal coronary angiograms. N Engl J Med. 1994 May 19. 330(20):1411-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Casselbrant A, Edebo A, Wennerblom J, et al. Actions by angiotensin II on esophageal contractility in humans. Gastroenterology. 2006 Nov. 132(1):249-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Dogan I, Mittal RK. Esophageal motor disorders: recent advances. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2006 Jul. 22(4):417-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Dogan I, Puckett JL, Padda BS, Mittal RK. Prevalence of increased esophageal muscle thickness in patients with esophageal symptoms. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007 Jan. 102(1):137-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Drenth JP, Bos LP, Engels LG. Efficacy of diltiazem in the treatment of diffuse oesophageal spasm. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1990 Aug. 4(4):411-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Eslick GD, Coulshed DS, Talley NJ. Diagnosis and treatment of noncardiac chest pain. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005 Oct. 2(10):463-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Feldman M, Friedman L, and Sleisenger M. Sleisenger & Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders; 2002. Vol 1:

35. Lacy BE, Weiser K. Esophageal motility disorders: medical therapy. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008 May-Jun. 42(5):652-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Manfrini O, Bazzocchi G, Luati A, Borghi A, Monari P, Bugiardini R. Coronary spasm reflects inputs from adjacent esophageal system. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2006 May. 290(5):H2085-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Nayar DS, Khandwala F, Achkar E, et al. Esophageal manometry: assessment of interpreter consistency. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005 Mar. 3(3):218-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Rieder F, Cheng L, Harnett KM, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux disease- associated esophagitis induces endogenous cytokine production leading to motor abnormalities. Gastroenterology. 2007 Jan. 132(1):154-65. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Santos R, Haack HG, Maddalena D, Hansen RD, Kellow JE. Evaluation of artificial neural networks in the classification of primary oesophageal dysmotility. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2006 Mar. 41(3):257-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Spencer HL, Smith L, Riley SA. A questionnaire study to assess long-term outcome in patients with abnormal esophageal manometry. Dysphagia. 2006 Jul. 21(3):149-55. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Swamy N. Esophageal spasm: clinical and manometric response to nitroglycerine and long acting nitrites. Gastroenterology. 1977 Jan. 72(1):23-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Vaezi MF. Review article: the role of pH monitoring in extraoesophageal gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Mar. 23 Suppl 1:40-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Ang D, Hollenstein M, Misselwitz B, et al. Rapid Drink Challenge in high-resolution manometry: an adjunctive test for detection of esophageal motility disorders. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2017 Jan. 29(1):[QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

44. van Hoeij FB, Tack JF, Pandolfino JE, et al. Complications of botulinum toxin injections for treatment of esophageal motility disorders†. Dis Esophagus. 2017 Feb 1. 30(3):1-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Ahmad Malas, MD Fellow, Department of Gastroenterology, Providence Hospital and Medical Centers

Ahmad Malas, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Gastroenterology, American Gastroenterological Association, American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Janice M Fields, MD, FACG, FACP Assistant Professor of Internal Medicine, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine; Consulting Staff, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Providence Hospital, St John Macomb-Oakland Hosptial

Janice M Fields, MD, FACG, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Gastroenterology, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Gastroenterological Association, American Medical Association, American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, National Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

BS Anand, MD Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Baylor College of Medicine

BS Anand, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American College of Gastroenterology, American Gastroenterological Association, American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

John Gunn Lee, MD Director of Pancreaticobiliary Service, Associate Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of California at Irvine School of Medicine

John Gunn Lee, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Gastroenterology, American College of Physicians, American Gastroenterological Association, American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Simmy Bank, MD Chair, Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Long Island Jewish Hospital, Albert Einstein College of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Alan BR Thomson, MD Professor of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Alberta, Canada

Alan BR Thomson, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alberta Medical Association, American College of Gastroenterology, American Gastroenterological Association, Canadian Association of Gastroenterology, Canadian Medical Association, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta, and Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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