Gallstones (Cholelithiasis) Questions & Answers

1. Heuman DM, Moore EL, Vlahcevic ZR. Pathogenesis and dissolution of gallstones. Zakim D, Boyer TD, eds. Hepatology: A Textbook of Liver Disease. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 1996. 376-417.

2. Center SA. Diseases of the gallbladder and biliary tree. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2009 May. 39(3):543-98. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Machado FHF, Castro Filho HF, Babadopulos RFAL, Rocha HAL, Rocha JLC, Moraes Filho MO. Ursodeoxycholic acid in the prevention of gallstones in patients subjected to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass1. Acta Cir Bras. 2019 Feb 14. 34(1):e20190010000009. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Portincasa P, Moschetta A, Palasciano G. Cholesterol gallstone disease. Lancet. 2006 Jul 15. 368(9531):230-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Poupon R, Rosmorduc O, Boelle PY, et al. Genotype-phenotype relationships in the low-phospholipid-associated cholelithiasis syndrome: a study of 156 consecutive patients. Hepatology. 2013 Sep. 58(3):1105-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Goubault P, Brunel T, Rode A, Bancel B, Mohkam K, Mabrut JY. Low-phospholipid associated cholelithiasis (LPAC) syndrome: a synthetic review. J Visc Surg. 2019 Mar 25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Halldestam I, Kullman E, Borch K. Incidence of and potential risk factors for gallstone disease in a general population sample. Br J Surg. 2009 Nov. 96(11):1315-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Shaffer EA. Epidemiology and risk factors for gallstone disease: has the paradigm changed in the 21st century?. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2005 May. 7(2):132-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Wang HH, Liu M, Clegg DJ, Portincasa P, Wang DQ. New insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying effects of estrogen on cholesterol gallstone formation. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009 Nov. 1791(11):1037-47. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

10. Julliard O, Hauters P, Possoz J, Malvaux P, Landenne J, Gherardi D. Incisional hernia after single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy: incidence and predictive factors. Surg Endosc. 2016 Oct. 30(10):4539-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Gilani SN, Bass G, Leader F, Walsh TN. Collins' sign: validation of a clinical sign in cholelithiasis. Ir J Med Sci. 2009 Dec. 178(4):397-400. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Zaliekas J, Munson JL. Complications of gallstones: the Mirizzi syndrome, gallstone ileus, gallstone pancreatitis, complications of "lost" gallstones. Surg Clin North Am. 2008 Dec. 88(6):1345-68, x. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Dauer M, Lammert F. Mandatory and optional function tests for biliary disorders. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2009. 23(3):441-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Stogryn S, Metcalfe J, Vergis A, Hardy K. Does ultrasongraphy predict intraoperative findings at cholecystectomy? An institutional review. Can J Surg. 2016 Feb. 59(1):12-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. [Guideline] Katz DS, Rosen MP, Blake MA, et al; and Expert Panel on Gastrointestinal Imaging. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® right upper quadrant pain. [online publication]. Reston (VA): American College of Radiology (ACR). [Full Text].

16. Shapiro T, Melzer E, Binder Y, et al. Selective utilization of pre-operative endoscopic ultrasound to exclude choledocholithiasis prior to laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a retrospective study. Hepatogastroenterology. 2013 May. 60(123):456-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Yao CC, Huang SM, Lin CC, et al. Assessment of common bile duct using laparoscopic ultrasound during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2009 Aug. 19(4):317-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Mahid SS, Jafri NS, Brangers BC, Minor KS, Hornung CA, Galandiuk S. Meta-analysis of cholecystectomy in symptomatic patients with positive hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid scan results without gallstones. Arch Surg. 2009 Feb. 144(2):180-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. [Guideline] NIH state-of-the-science statement on endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for diagnosis and therapy. NIH Consens State Sci Statements. 2002 Jan 14-16. 19(1):1-26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Demehri FR, Alam HB. Evidence-based management of common gallstone-related emergencies. J Intensive Care Med. 2016 Jan. 31(1):3-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. [Guideline] Tazuma S, Unno M, Igarashi Y, et al. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for cholelithiasis 2016. J Gastroenterol. 2017 Mar. 52(3):276-300. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Diehl AK. Gallstone size and the risk of gallbladder cancer. JAMA. 1983 Nov 4. 250(17):2323-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Binenbaum SJ, Teixeira JA, Forrester GJ, et al. Single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy using a flexible endoscope. Arch Surg. 2009 Aug. 144(8):734-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Ghazal AH, Sorour MA, El-Riwini M, El-Bahrawy H. Single-step treatment of gall bladder and bile duct stones: a combined endoscopic-laparoscopic technique. Int J Surg. 2009 Aug. 7(4):338-46. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Schirmer BD, Winters KL, Edlich RF. Cholelithiasis and cholecystitis. J Long Term Eff Med Implants. 2005. 15(3):329-38. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. [Guideline] Overby DW, Apelgren KN, Richardson W, Fanelli R. SAGES guidelines for the clinical application of laparoscopic biliary tract surgery. Surg Endosc. 2010 Oct. 24(10):2368-86. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

27. Dan DV, Harnanan D, Maharaj R, Seetahal S, Singh Y, Naraynsingh V. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: analysis of 619 consecutive cases in a Caribbean setting. J Natl Med Assoc. 2009 Apr. 101(4):355-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Gurusamy K, Sahay SJ, Burroughs AK, Davidson BR. Systematic review and meta-analysis of intraoperative versus preoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy in patients with gallbladder and suspected common bile duct stones. Br J Surg. 2011 Jul. 98(7):908-16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Nagem RG, Lazaro-da-Silva A, de Oliveira RM, Morato VG. Gallstone-related complications after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a prospective study. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2012 Dec 15. 11(6):630-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Zhang YP, Li WQ, Sun YL, Zhu RT, Wang WJ. Systematic review with meta-analysis: coffee consumption and the risk of gallstone disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015 Sep. 42(6):637-48. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Behar J, Corazziari E, Guelrud M, Hogan W, Sherman S, Toouli J. Functional gallbladder and sphincter of oddi disorders. Gastroenterology. 2006 Apr. 130(5):1498-509. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Anderloni A, Ballare M, Pagliarulo M, et al. Prospective evaluation of early endoscopic ultrasonography for triage in suspected choledocholithiasis: results from a large single centre series. Dig Liver Dis. 2014 Apr. 46(4):335-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Reuters Health. Endoscopic ultrasound a good first step when gallstones are suspected. Medscape Medical News. January 10, 2014. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/819024. Accessed: January 20, 2014.

34. Khan AS, Eloubeidi MA, Khashab MA. Endoscopic management of choledocholithiasis and cholelithiasis in patients with cirrhosis. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016 Jul. 10(7):861-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Jaruvongvanich V, Sanguankeo A, Upala S. Significant association between gallstone disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dig Dis Sci. 2016 Aug. 61(8):2389-96. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Williams TP, Dimou FM, Adhikari D, Kimbrough TD, Riall TS. Hospital readmission after emergency room visit for cholelithiasis. J Surg Res. 2015 Aug. 197(2):318-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Milburn JA, Bailey JA, Dunn W, Cameron IC, Gomez DS. Inpatient magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography: does it increase the efficiency in emergency hepatopancreaticobiliary surgery services?. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2017 Apr. 99(4):289-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Pineda O, Maydon HG, Amado M, et al. A prospective study of the conservative management of asymptomatic preoperative and postoperative gallbladder disease in bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2017 Jan. 27(1):148-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Le VH, Smith DE, Johnson BL. Conversion of laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy in the current era of laparoscopic surgery. Am Surg. 2012 Dec. 78(12):1392-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Littlefield A, Lenahan C. Cholelithiasis: presentation and management. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2019 Mar 25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Douglas M Heuman, MD, FACP, FACG, AGAF Chief of Hepatology, Hunter Holmes McGuire Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine

Douglas M Heuman, MD, FACP, FACG, AGAF is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American College of Physicians, American Gastroenterological Association

Disclosure: Received grant/research funds from Novartis for other; Received grant/research funds from Bayer for other; Received grant/research funds from Otsuka for none; Received grant/research funds from Bristol Myers Squibb for other; Received none from Scynexis for none; Received grant/research funds from Salix for other; Received grant/research funds from MannKind for other.

Anastasios A Mihas, MD, DMSc, FACP, FACG Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine; Consulting Staff, Virginia Commonwealth University Hospitals and Clinics; Chief of GI Clinical Research, Director of GI Outpatient Service, Associate Director of Hepatology, Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center

Anastasios A Mihas, MD, DMSc, FACP, FACG is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American College of Gastroenterology, American College of Physicians, American Gastroenterological Association, American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor Society, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation, American Federation for Clinical Research, Gastroenterology Research Group

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Jeff Allen, MD Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery, University of Louisville

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

BS Anand, MD Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Baylor College of Medicine

BS Anand, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American College of Gastroenterology, American Gastroenterological Association, American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Firass Abiad, MD Head of Division, General and Laparoscopic Surgery, Specialized Medical Center Hospital, Saudi Arabia

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

BS Anand, MD Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Baylor College of Medicine

BS Anand, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American College of Gastroenterology, American Gastroenterological Association, and American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

David Eric Bernstein, MD Director of Hepatology, North Shore University Hospital; Professor of Clinical Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine

David Eric Bernstein, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American College of Gastroenterology, American College of Physicians, American Gastroenterological Association, and American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Barry E Brenner, MD, PhD, FACEP Professor of Emergency Medicine, Professor of Internal Medicine, Program Director, Emergency Medicine, Case Medical Center, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine

Barry E Brenner, MD, PhD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Heart Association, American Thoracic Society, Arkansas Medical Society, New York Academy of Medicine, New York Academy of Sciences, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

David FM Brown, MD Associate Professor, Division of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Vice Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital

David FM Brown, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

William K Chiang, MD Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, New York University School of Medicine; Chief of Service, Department of Emergency Medicine, Bellevue Hospital Center

William K Chiang, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Clinical Toxicology, American College of Medical Toxicology, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Alfred Cuschieri, MD, ChM, FRSE, FRCS, Head, Professor, Department of Surgery and Molecular Oncology, University of Dundee, UK

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Imad S Dandan, MD Consulting Surgeon, Department of Surgery, Trauma Section, Scripps Memorial Hospital

Imad S Dandan, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Surgery of Trauma, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, American Trauma Society, California Medical Association, and Society of Critical Care Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

David Greenwald, MD Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine, Fellowship Program Director, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine

David Greenwald, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Gastroenterology, American College of Physicians, American Gastroenterological Association, American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, and New York Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Eugene Hardin, MD, FAAEM, FACEP Former Chair and Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science; Former Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, Martin Luther King Jr/Drew Medical Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Faye Maryann Lee, MD Staff Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, New York University/Bellevue Hospital Center

Faye Maryann Lee, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Phi Beta Kappa

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Sally Santen, MD Program Director, Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University

Sally Santen, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Assaad M Soweid, MD, FASGE, FACG Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine, Endosonography and Advanced Therapeutic Endoscopy, Director, Endoscopy-Bronchoscopy Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon

Assaad M Soweid, MD, FASGE, FACG is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Gastroenterology, American College of Physicians, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Gynecological and Obstetrical Society, and American Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

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