World Gastroenterology Organisation Global Guideline. Inflammatory bowel disease: a global perspective. Munich, Germany: World Gastroenterology Organisation (WGO); 2009.
American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement: perianal Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 2003 Nov. 125(5):1503-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kornbluth A, Sachar DB. Ulcerative colitis practice guidelines in adults: American College of Gastroenterology, Practice Parameters Committee. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010 Mar. 105(3):501-23; quiz 524. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kiran RP, Nisar PJ, Church JM, Fazio VW. The role of primary surgical procedure in maintaining intestinal continuity for patients with Crohn's colitis. Ann Surg. 2011 Jun. 253(6):1130-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Agrawal D, Rukkannagari S, Kethu S. Pathogenesis and clinical approach to extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol. 2007 Sep. 53(3):233-48. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Thoreson R, Cullen JJ. Pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease: an overview. Surg Clin North Am. 2007 Jun. 87(3):575-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Rioux JD, Xavier RJ, Taylor KD, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies new susceptibility loci for Crohn disease and implicates autophagy in disease pathogenesis. Nat Genet. 2007 May. 39(5):596-604. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Tsianos EV, Katsanos KH, Tsianos VE. Role of genetics in the diagnosis and prognosis of Crohn's disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2012 Jan 14. 18(2):105-18. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Lashner B. Inflammatory bowel disease. Carey WD, ed. Cleveland Clinic: Current Clinical Medicine -- 2009. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders; 2009.
Wilkins T, Jarvis K, Patel J. Diagnosis and management of Crohn's disease. Am Fam Physician. 2011 Dec 15. 84(12):1365-75. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Trinchieri A, Lizzano R, Castelnuovo C, Zanetti G, Pisani E. Urinary patterns of patients with renal stones associated with chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Arch Ital Urol Androl. 2002 Jun. 74(2):61-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Amre DK, D'Souza S, Morgan K, et al. Imbalances in dietary consumption of fatty acids, vegetables, and fruits are associated with risk for Crohn's disease in children. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007 Sep. 102(9):2016-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Jantchou P, Morois S, Clavel-Chapelon F, Boutron-Ruault MC, Carbonnel F. Animal protein intake and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: The E3N prospective study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010 Oct. 105(10):2195-201. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Bengtson MB, Solberg IC, Aamodt G, Jahnsen J, Moum B, Vatn MH. Relationships between inflammatory bowel disease and perinatal factors: both maternal and paternal disease are related to preterm birth of offspring. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2010 May. 16(5):847-55. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Hampe J, Grebe J, Nikolaus S, et al. Association of NOD2 (CARD 15) genotype with clinical course of Crohn's disease: a cohort study. Lancet. 2002 May 11. 359(9318):1661-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Hugot JP, Chamaillard M, Zouali H, et al. Association of NOD2 leucine-rich repeat variants with susceptibility to Crohn's disease. Nature. 2001 May 31. 411(6837):599-603. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Duerr RH, Taylor KD, Brant SR, et al. A genome-wide association study identifies IL23R as an inflammatory bowel disease gene. Science. 2006 Dec 1. 314(5804):1461-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Glas J, Seiderer J, Wetzke M, et al. rs1004819 is the main disease-associated IL23R variant in German Crohn's disease patients: combined analysis of IL23R, CARD15, and OCTN1/2 variants. PLoS One. 2007 Sep 5. 2(9):e819. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Van Limbergen J, Russell RK, Nimmo ER, et al. IL23R Arg381Gln is associated with childhood onset inflammatory bowel disease in Scotland. Gut. 2007 Aug. 56(8):1173-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Barrett JC, Hansoul S, Nicolae DL, et al. Genome-wide association defines more than 30 distinct susceptibility loci for Crohn's disease. Nat Genet. 2008 Aug. 40(8):955-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Hampe J, Franke A, Rosenstiel P, et al. A genome-wide association scan of nonsynonymous SNPs identifies a susceptibility variant for Crohn disease in ATG16L1. Nat Genet. 2007 Feb. 39(2):207-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Parkes M, Barrett JC, Prescott NJ, et al. Sequence variants in the autophagy gene IRGM and multiple other replicating loci contribute to Crohn's disease susceptibility. Nat Genet. 2007 Jul. 39(7):830-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Libioulle C, Louis E, Hansoul S, et al. Novel Crohn disease locus identified by genome-wide association maps to a gene desert on 5p13.1 and modulates expression of PTGER4. PLoS Genet. 2007 Apr 20. 3(4):e58. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Hedin C, Whelan K, Lindsay JO. Evidence for the use of probiotics and prebiotics in inflammatory bowel disease: a review of clinical trials. Proc Nutr Soc. 2007 Aug. 66(3):307-15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium. Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls. Nature. 2007 Jun 7. 447(7145):661-78. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Fisher SA, Tremelling M, Anderson CA, et al. Genetic determinants of ulcerative colitis include the ECM1 locus and five loci implicated in Crohn's disease. Nat Genet. 2008 Jun. 40(6):710-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Weersma RK, Zhernakova A, Nolte IM, et al. ATG16L1 and IL23R are associated with inflammatory bowel diseases but not with celiac disease in the Netherlands. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008 Mar. 103(3):621-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Silverberg MS, Cho JH, Rioux JD, et al. Ulcerative colitis-risk loci on chromosomes 1p36 and 12q15 found by genome-wide association study. Nat Genet. 2009 Feb. 41(2):216-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Okada Y, Yamazaki K, Umeno J, et al. HLA-Cw*1202-B*5201-DRB1*1502 haplotype increases risk for ulcerative colitis but reduces risk for Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 2011 Sep. 141(3):864-871.e1-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ibd/#epidIBD. Accessed: August 6, 2012.
Molodecky NA, Soon IS, Rabi DM, et al. Increasing incidence and prevalence of the inflammatory bowel diseases with time, based on systematic review. Gastroenterology. 2012 Jan. 142(1):46-54.e42; quiz e30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Loftus EV Jr. Clinical epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: Incidence, prevalence, and environmental influences. Gastroenterology. 2004 May. 126(6):1504-17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Loftus EV Jr, Silverstein MD, Sandborn WJ, Tremaine WJ, Harmsen WS, Zinsmeister AR. Ulcerative colitis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1940-1993: incidence, prevalence, and survival. Gut. 2000 Mar. 46(3):336-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Loftus EV Jr, Silverstein MD, Sandborn WJ, Tremaine WJ, Harmsen WS, Zinsmeister AR. Crohn's disease in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1940-1993: incidence, prevalence, and survival. Gastroenterology. 1998 Jun. 114(6):1161-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Roth MP, Petersen GM, McElree C, Feldman E, Rotter JI. Geographic origins of Jewish patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 1989 Oct. 97(4):900-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Sonnenberg A, McCarty DJ, Jacobsen SJ. Geographic variation of inflammatory bowel disease within the United States. Gastroenterology. 1991 Jan. 100(1):143-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Shivananda S, Lennard-Jones J, Logan R, et al. Incidence of inflammatory bowel disease across Europe: is there a difference between north and south? Results of the European Collaborative Study on Inflammatory Bowel Disease (EC-IBD). Gut. 1996 Nov. 39(5):690-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Langholz E. Current trends in inflammatory bowel disease: the natural history. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2010 Mar. 3(2):77-86. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Card T, Hubbard R, Logan RF. Mortality in inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based cohort study. Gastroenterology. 2003 Dec. 125(6):1583-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Jess T, Loftus EV Jr, Harmsen WS, et al. Survival and cause specific mortality in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a long term outcome study in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1940-2004. Gut. 2006 Sep. 55(9):1248-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Hutfless SM, Weng X, Liu L, Allison J, Herrinton LJ. Mortality by medication use among patients with inflammatory bowel disease, 1996-2003. Gastroenterology. 2007 Dec. 133(6):1779-86. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Dorn SD, Sandler RS. Inflammatory bowel disease is not a risk factor for cardiovascular disease mortality: results from a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007 Mar. 102(3):662-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
[Guideline] Farraye FA, Odze RD, Eaden J, et al. AGA medical position statement on the diagnosis and management of colorectal neoplasia in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2010 Feb. 138(2):738-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
AGA medical position statement on the diagnosis and management of colorectal neoplasia in inflammatory bowel disease. 2010. Available at http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(09)02202-1/fulltext. Accessed: August 6, 2012.
Colonoscopic surveillance for prevention of colorectal cancer in people with ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease or adenomas. London, UK: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE); 2011. Available at http://guideline.gov/content.aspx?id=34830. Accessed: August 6, 2012.
Barclay L. COPD, asthma may up risk for inflammatory bowel disease. Medscape Medical News by WebMD. November 20, 2014. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/835213. Accessed: November 22, 2014.
Brassard P, Vutcovici M, Ernst P, et al. Increased incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in Québec residents with airway diseases. Eur Respir J. 2015 Apr. 45(4):962-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Brooks AJ, Rowse G, Ryder A, Peach EJ, Corfe BM, Lobo AJ. Systematic review: psychological morbidity in young people with inflammatory bowel disease - risk factors and impacts. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016 Jul. 44(1):3-15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Meucci G, Vecchi M, Astegiano M, et al. The natural history of ulcerative proctitis: a multicenter, retrospective study. Gruppo di Studio per le Malattie Infiammatorie Intestinali (GSMII). Am J Gastroenterol. 2000 Feb. 95(2):469-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Henriksen M, Jahnsen J, Lygren I, et al. Ulcerative colitis and clinical course: results of a 5-year population-based follow-up study (the IBSEN study). Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006 Jul. 12(7):543-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Solberg IC, Vatn MH, Hoie O, et al. Clinical course in Crohn's disease: results of a Norwegian population-based ten-year follow-up study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007 Dec. 5(12):1430-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Lichtenstein GR, Hanauer SB, Sandborn WJ. Management of Crohn's disease in adults. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009 Feb. 104(2):465-83; quiz 464, 484. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Buisson A, Chevaux JB, Allen PB, Bommelaer G, Peyrin-Biroulet L. Review article: the natural history of postoperative Crohn's disease recurrence. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2012 Mar. 35(6):625-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Larsen S, Bendtzen K, Nielsen OH. Extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease: epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. Ann Med. 2010 Mar. 42(2):97-114. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Vavricka SR, Brun L, Ballabeni P, et al. Frequency and risk factors for extraintestinal manifestations in the Swiss inflammatory bowel disease cohort. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011 Jan. 106(1):110-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
[Guideline] Bernstein CN, Fried M, Krabshuis JH, et al. World Gastroenterology Organization Practice Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of IBD in 2010. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2010 Jan. 16(1):112-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Gisbert JP, McNicholl AG. Questions and answers on the role of faecal calprotectin as a biological marker in inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Liver Dis. 2009 Jan. 41(1):56-66. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Reuters Health. Study backs wider use of fecal calprotectin in pediatric IBD workup. Medscape Medical News by WebMD. May 27, 2013. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/804796. Accessed: June 1, 2013.
Henderson P, Anderson NH, Wilson DC. The diagnostic accuracy of fecal calprotectin during the investigation of suspected pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014 May. 109(5):637-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
[Guideline] Lichtenstein GR, Abreu MT, Cohen R, Tremaine W. American Gastroenterological Association Institute medical position statement on corticosteroids, immunomodulators, and infliximab in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2006 Mar. 130(3):935-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Prideaux L, De Cruz P, Ng SC, Kamm MA. Serological antibodies in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012 Jul. 18(7):1340-55. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
D'Inca R, Dal Pont E, Di Leo V, et al. Calprotectin and lactoferrin in the assessment of intestinal inflammation and organic disease. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2007 Apr. 22(4):429-37. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Panes J, Bouzas R, Chaparro M, et al. Systematic review: the use of ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis, assessment of activity and abdominal complications of Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011 Jul. 34(2):125-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Rimola J, Ordas I, Rodriguez S, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging for evaluation of Crohn's disease: validation of parameters of severity and quantitative index of activity. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2011 Aug. 17(8):1759-68. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Paulsen SR, Huprich JE, Fletcher JG, et al. CT enterography as a diagnostic tool in evaluating small bowel disorders: review of clinical experience with over 700 cases. Radiographics. 2006 May-Jun. 26(3):641-57; discussion 657-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Guimaraes LS, Fidler JL, Fletcher JG, et al. Assessment of appropriateness of indications for CT enterography in younger patients. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2010 Feb. 16(2):226-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Solem CA, Loftus EV Jr, Fletcher JG, et al. Small-bowel imaging in Crohn's disease: a prospective, blinded, 4-way comparison trial. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008 Aug. 68(2):255-66. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Wilkins T, Jarvis K, Patel J. Diagnosis and management of Crohn's disease. Am Fam Physician. 2011 Dec 15. 84(12):1365-75. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Baumgart DC. Endoscopic surveillance in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis: who needs what and when?. Dig Dis. 2011. 29 Suppl 1:32-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Leighton JA, Shen B, Baron TH, et al. ASGE guideline: endoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006 Apr. 63(4):558-65. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Li CY, Zhang BL, Chen CX, Li YM. OMOM capsule endoscopy in diagnosis of small bowel disease. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2008 Nov. 9(11):857-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Yamamoto H, Kita H, Sunada K, et al. Clinical outcomes of double-balloon endoscopy for the diagnosis and treatment of small-intestinal diseases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004 Nov. 2(11):1010-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Moschler O, May A, Muller MK, Ell C. Complications in and performance of double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE): results from a large prospective DBE database in Germany. Endoscopy. 2011 Jun. 43(6):484-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Gross SA, Stark ME. Initial experience with double-balloon enteroscopy at a U.S. center. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008 May. 67(6):890-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Gerson LB, Flodin JT, Miyabayashi K. Balloon-assisted enteroscopy: technology and troubleshooting. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008 Dec. 68(6):1158-67. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Amezaga AJ, Van Assche G. Practical approaches to "top-down" therapies for Crohn's disease. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2016 Jul. 18(7):35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Froslie KF, Jahnsen J, Moum BA, Vatn MH. Mucosal healing in inflammatory bowel disease: results from a Norwegian population-based cohort. Gastroenterology. 2007 Aug. 133(2):412-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Schnitzler F, Fidder H, Ferrante M, et al. Mucosal healing predicts long-term outcome of maintenance therapy with infliximab in Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009 Sep. 15(9):1295-301. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Baert F, Moortgat L, Van Assche G, et al. Mucosal healing predicts sustained clinical remission in patients with early-stage Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 2010 Feb. 138(2):463-8; quiz e10-1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Colombel JF, Sandborn WJ, Reinisch W, et al. Infliximab, azathioprine, or combination therapy for Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med. 2010 Apr 15. 362(15):1383-95. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ha C, Kornbluth A. Mucosal healing in inflammatory bowel disease: where do we stand?. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2010 Dec. 12(6):471-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Feagan BG, Lemann M, Befrits R, et al. Recommendations for the treatment of Crohn's disease with tumor necrosis factor antagonists: an expert consensus report. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012 Jan. 18(1):152-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Hanauer SB. Crohn's disease: step up or top down therapy. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2003 Feb. 17(1):131-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ashton JJ, Gavin J, Beattie RM. Exclusive enteral nutrition in Crohn's disease: evidence and practicalities. Clin Nutr. 2019 Feb. 38(1):80-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ford AC, Bernstein CN, Khan KJ, et al. Glucocorticosteroid therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011 Apr. 106(4):590-9; quiz 600. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ardizzone S, Cassinotti A, Duca P, et al. Mucosal healing predicts late outcomes after the first course of corticosteroids for newly diagnosed ulcerative colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011 Jun. 9(6):483-489.e3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Gordon M, Naidoo K, Thomas AG, Akobeng AK. Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for maintenance of surgically-induced remission in Crohn's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011. (1):CD008414. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Sandborn WJ, Regula J, Feagan BG, et al. Delayed-release oral mesalamine 4.8 g/day (800-mg tablet) is effective for patients with moderately active ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2009 Dec. 137(6):1934-43.e1-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Tursi A, Brandimarte G, Papa A, et al. Treatment of relapsing mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis with the probiotic VSL#3 as adjunctive to a standard pharmaceutical treatment: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010 Oct. 105(10):2218-27. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Mach T. Clinical usefulness of probiotics in inflammatory bowel diseases. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2006 Nov. 57 Suppl 9:23-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Khan KJ, Ullman TA, Ford AC, et al. Antibiotic therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011 Apr. 106(4):661-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Sandborn WJ, Travis S, Moro L, et al. Once-daily budesonide MMX® extended-release tablets induce remission in patients with mild to moderate ulcerative colitis: results from the CORE I study. Gastroenterology. 2012 Nov. 143(5):1218-26.e2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Silverman J, Otley A. Budesonide in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2011 Jul. 7(4):419-28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Chande N, Wang Y, MacDonald JK, McDonald JW. Methotrexate for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Aug 27. CD006618. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Khan KJ, Dubinsky MC, Ford AC, Ullman TA, Talley NJ, Moayyedi P. Efficacy of immunosuppressive therapy for inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011 Apr. 106(4):630-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kotlyar DS, Lewis JD, Beaugerie L, et al. Risk of lymphoma in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine: a meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015 May. 13(5):847-58.e4; quiz e48-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Vande Casteele N, Ferrante M, Van Assche G, et al. Trough concentrations of infliximab guide dosing for patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2015 Jun. 148(7):1320-9.e3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ford AC, Sandborn WJ, Khan KJ, et al. Efficacy of biological therapies in inflammatory bowel disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011 Apr. 106(4):644-59, quiz 660. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Rubin DT, Panaccione R, Chao J, Robinson AM. A practical, evidence-based guide to the use of adalimumab in Crohn's disease. Curr Med Res Opin. 2011 Sep. 27(9):1803-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Louis E, Mary JY, Vernier-Massouille G, et al. Maintenance of remission among patients with Crohn's disease on antimetabolite therapy after infliximab therapy is stopped. Gastroenterology. 2012 Jan. 142(1):63-70.e5; quiz e31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Rubin DT, Panaccione R, Chao J, Robinson AM. A practical, evidence-based guide to the use of adalimumab in Crohn's disease. Curr Med Res Opin. 2011 Sep. 27(9):1803-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
US Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: new risk factor for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) associated with Tysabri (natalizumab). Available at http://www.fda.gov/drugs/drugsafety/ucm288186.htm. Accessed: July 11, 2012.
Brown T. FDA OKs vedolizumab (Entyvio) for ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s. Medscape Medical News from WebMD. May 20, 2014. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/825449. Accessed: June 1, 2014.
Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Fedorak RN, et al, for the Ustekinumab Crohn's Disease Study Group. A randomized trial of Ustekinumab, a human interleukin-12/23 monoclonal antibody, in patients with moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 2008 Oct. 135(4):1130-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Sandborn, WJ, Sands BE, Gasink C, et al. Reduced rates of Crohn's- related surgeries, hospitalizations and alternate biologic initiation with ustekinumab in the IM-UNITI study through 2 years. Gastroenterology. 2018 May. 154(6) Suppl 1:S-377-8.
Chen JH, Andrews JM, Kariyawasam V, et al, for the IBD Sydney Organisation and the Australian Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Consensus Working Group. Review article: acute severe ulcerative colitis - evidence-based consensus statements. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016 Jul. 44(2):127-44. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Peyrin-Biroulet L. Anti-TNF therapy in inflammatory bowel diseases: a huge review. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol. 2010 Jun. 56(2):233-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
FDA. Drug labels for the Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNFα) blockers now include warnings about infection with Legionella and Listeria bacteria. US Food and Drug Administration. September 7, 2011. Available at https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drugsafety/ucm270849.htm. Accessed: April 5, 2012.
Mokrowiecka A, Daniel P, Slomka M, Majak P, Malecka-Panas E. Clinical utility of serological markers in inflammatory bowel disease. Hepatogastroenterology. 2009 Jan-Feb. 56(89):162-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kefalakes H, Stylianides TJ, Amanakis G, Kolios G. Exacerbation of inflammatory bowel diseases associated with the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: myth or reality?. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2009 Oct. 65(10):963-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
de Silva S, Ma C, Proulx MC, et al. Postoperative complications and mortality following colectomy for ulcerative colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011 Nov. 9(11):972-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Lazarev M, Ullman T, Schraut WH, Kip KE, Saul M, Regueiro M. Small bowel resection rates in Crohn's disease and the indication for surgery over time: experience from a large tertiary care center. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2010 May. 16(5):830-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare Clinical Effectiveness Unit. Sexual and reproductive health for individuals with inflammatory bowel disease. London (UK): Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare (FSRH); 2009.
Yamamoto T, Nakahigashi M, Umegae S, Matsumoto K. Prospective clinical trial: enteral nutrition during maintenance infliximab in Crohn's disease. J Gastroenterol. 2010. 45(1):24-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Helwick C. Low vitamin D exacerbates inflammatory bowel disease. Medscape Medical News from WebMD. May 21, 2013. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/804509. Accessed: June 1, 2013.
Ananthakrishnan AN, Cagan A, Gainer VS, et al. Normalization of vitamin D status is associated with reduced risk of surgery and hospitalization in inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective study. Gastroenterology. 2013 May. 144(5 Suppl 1):S-1.
Raftery TC, Healy M, Cox G, et al. Vitamin D supplementation improves muscle strength, fatigue and quality of life in patients with Crohn's disease in remission: results of a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Gastroenterology. 2013 May. 144(5 Suppl 1):S-227.
Johannesson E, Simren M, Strid H, Bajor A, Sadik R. Physical activity improves symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011 May. 106(5):915-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Gisbert JP. Safety of immunomodulators and biologics for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease during pregnancy and breast-feeding. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2010 May. 16(5):881-95. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
FactTank - News in the numbers: Baby boomers retire. Pew Research Center. December 29, 2010. Available at http://pewresearch.org/databank/dailynumber/?NumberID=1150. Accessed: August 3, 2012.
Schnitzler F, Fidder H, Ferrante M, et al. Outcome of pregnancy in women with inflammatory bowel disease treated with antitumor necrosis factor therapy. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2011 Sep. 17(9):1846-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Zelinkova Z, de Haar C, de Ridder L, et al. High intra-uterine exposure to infliximab following maternal anti-TNF treatment during pregnancy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011 May. 33(9):1053-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Roux CH, Brocq O, Breuil V, Albert C, Euller-Ziegler L. Pregnancy in rheumatology patients exposed to anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha therapy. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007 Apr. 46(4):695-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
O'Donnell S, O'Morain C. Review article: use of antitumour necrosis factor therapy in inflammatory bowel disease during pregnancy and conception. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008 May. 27(10):885-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Casanova MJ, Chaparro M, Domenech E, et al. Safety of thiopurines and anti-TNF-a drugs during pregnancy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013 Mar. 108(3):433-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Rajaratnam SG, Eglinton TW, Hider P, Fearnhead NS. Impact of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis on female fertility: meta-analysis and systematic review. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2011 Nov. 26(11):1365-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Bartels SA, DʼHoore A, Cuesta MA, Bensdorp AJ, Lucas C, Bemelman WA. Significantly increased pregnancy rates after laparoscopic restorative proctocolectomy: a cross-sectional study. Ann Surg. 2012 Dec. 256(6):1045-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Beyer-Berjot L, Maggiori L, Birnbaum D, Lefevre JH, Berdah S, Panis Y. A total laparoscopic approach reduces the infertility rate after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis: a 2-center study. Ann Surg. 2013 Aug. 258(2):275-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
[Guideline] Lamb CA, Kennedy NA, Raine T, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology consensus guidelines on the management of inflammatory bowel disease in adults. Gut. 2019 Dec. 68(Suppl 3):s1-s106. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
[Guideline] Torres J, Bonovas S, Doherty G, et al. ECCO guidelines on therapeutics in Crohn's disease: medical treatment. J Crohns Colitis. 2020 Jan 1. 14 (1):4-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
[Guideline] Adamina M, Bonovas S, Raine T, et al. ECCO guidelines on therapeutics in Crohn's disease: surgical treatment. J Crohns Colitis. 2020 Feb 10. 14 (2):155-68. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
[Guideline] Feuerstein JD, Isaacs KL, Schneider Y, et al, for the AGA Institute Clinical Guidelines Committee. AGA clinical practice guidelines on the management of moderate to severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2020 Apr. 158(5):1450-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Brooklyn TN, Dunnill MG, Shetty A, et al. Infliximab for the treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial. Gut. 2006 Apr. 55(4):505-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Oren R, Arber N, Odes S, et al. Methotrexate in chronic active ulcerative colitis: a double-blind, randomized, Israeli multicenter trial. Gastroenterology. 1996 May. 110(5):1416-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Akbari M, Shah S, Velayos FS, Mahadevan U, Cheifetz AS. Systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of thiopurines on birth outcomes from female and male patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013 Jan. 19(1):15-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Francella A, Dyan A, Bodian C, Rubin P, Chapman M, Present DH. The safety of 6-mercaptopurine for childbearing patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective cohort study. Gastroenterology. 2003 Jan. 124(1):9-17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Garcia-Erce JA, Gomollon F, Munoz M. Blood transfusion for the treatment of acute anaemia in inflammatory bowel disease and other digestive diseases. World J Gastroenterol. 2009 Oct 7. 15(37):4686-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Granlund AB, Beisvag V, Torp SH, et al. Activation of REG family proteins in colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2011 Nov. 46(11):1316-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Kennedy NA, Rhatigan E, Arnott ID, et al. A trial of mercaptopurine is a safe strategy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease intolerant to azathioprine: an observational study, systematic review and meta-analysis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. Nov 2013. 38(10):1255-66. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kristensen SL, Ahlehoff O, Lindhardsen J, et al. Prognosis after first-time myocardial infarction in patients with inflammatory bowel disease according to disease activity: nationwide cohort study. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2014 Nov. 7(6):857-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Stiles S. Ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s flares may raise post-MI risk: registry study. Heartwire News from Medscape by WebMD. October 17, 2014. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/833424. Accessed: October 23, 2014.
[Guideline] Howdle P, Atkin W, Rutter M, et al. Colonoscopic surveillance for prevention of colorectal cancer in people with ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease or adenomas: clinical guideline 118. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). March, 2011. Available at https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg118. Accessed: April 7, 2011.
Bryant RV, Brain O, Travis SP. Conventional drug therapy for inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2015 Jan. 50(1):90-112. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Garg SK, Loftus EV Jr. Risk of cancer in inflammatory bowel disease: going up, going down, or still the same?. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2016 Jul. 32(4):274-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Schaefer JS. MicroRNAs: how many in inflammatory bowel disease?. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2016 Jul. 32(4):258-66. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Bernstein CN. Does everyone with inflammatory bowel disease need to be treated with combination therapy?. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2016 Jul. 32(4):287-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Atreya R, Neurath MF. From bench to bedside: molecular imaging in inflammatory bowel diseases. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2016 Jul. 32(4):245-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].