H1N1 Influenza (Swine Flu) Guidelines

1. Ma W. Swine influenza virus: Current status and challenge. Virus Res. 2020 Oct 15. 288:198118. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Chauhan RP, Gordon ML. A Systematic Review Analyzing the Prevalence and Circulation of Influenza Viruses in Swine Population Worldwide. Pathogens. 2020 May 8. 9 (5):[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Jilani TN, Jamil RT, Siddiqui AH. H1N1 Influenza. StatPearls. 2023 Jan. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

4. CDC. Interim Guidance for Clinicians on the Prevention and Treatment of Swine-Origin Influenza Virus Infection in Young Children. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/swineflu/childrentreatment.htm. Accessed: April 30, 2009.

5. CDC. Interim Guidance on Specimen Collection and Processing for Patients with Suspected Swine Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/swineflu/specimencollection.htm. Accessed: April 28, 2009.

6. Taubenberger JK, Morens DM. 1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 Jan. 12(1):15-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Bresee J. CDC Podcasts: Swine Flu. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http://www2c.cdc.gov/podcasts/player.asp?f=11226. Accessed: April 28, 2009.

8. Roan S. Swine flu 'debacle' of 1976 is recalled. LA Times. April 27, 2009. Available at http://articles.latimes.com/2009/apr/27/science/sci-swine-history27.

9. CDC. Swine Flu - Vaccine Safety and Emergency Preparedness. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/emergency/swineflu.htm. Accessed: April 29, 2009.

10. Vellozzi C, Burwen DR, Dobardzic A, Ball R, Walton K, Haber P. Safety of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines in adults: background for pandemic influenza vaccine safety monitoring. Vaccine. 2009 Mar 26. 27(15):2114-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Nachamkin I, Shadomy SV, Moran AP, Cox N, Fitzgerald C, Ung H, et al. Anti-ganglioside antibody induction by swine (A/NJ/1976/H1N1) and other influenza vaccines: insights into vaccine-associated Guillain-Barré syndrome. J Infect Dis. 2008 Jul 15. 198(2):226-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. World Health Organization. Influenza-like illness in the United States and Mexico. WHO Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response. Available at http://www.who.int/csr/don/2009_04_24/en/index.html. Accessed: April 27, 2009.

13. WHO. Influenza A (H1N1): Special Insights. World Health Organization. Available at http://www.who.int/en/. Accessed: September 1, 2009.

14. McNeil DG Jr. U.S. Declares Public Health Emergency Over Swine Flu. New York Times. April 27, 2009. Available at http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/27/world/27flu.html?th&emc=th.

15. Swine influenza A (H1N1) infection in two children--Southern California, March-April 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009 Apr 24. 58(15):400-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

16. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Determination That a Public Health Emergency Exists. Available at http://www.hhs.gov/secretary/phe_swh1n1.html. Accessed: April 27, 2009.

17. CDC. Swine Influenza (Flu). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/. Accessed: September 1, 2009.

18. Dawood FS, Jain S, Finelli L, Shaw MW, Lindstrom S, Garten RJ, et al. Emergence of a novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus in humans. N Engl J Med. 2009 Jun 18. 360(25):2605-15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Update: novel influenza A (H1N1) virus infections - worldwide, May 6, 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009 May 8. 58(17):453-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. CDC. CDC Estimates of 2009 H1N1 Influenza Cases, Hospitalizations and Deaths in the United States, April - October 17, 2009. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/estimates_2009_h1n1.htm.

21. Obama Declares Swine Flu A National Emergency. The New York Times. October 24, 2009. Available at http://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2009/10/24/world/international-uk-flu-usa-obama.html.

22. Domínguez-Cherit G, Lapinsky SE, Macias AE, Pinto R, Espinosa-Perez L, de la Torre A, et al. Critically Ill patients with 2009 influenza A(H1N1) in Mexico. JAMA. 2009 Nov 4. 302(17):1880-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Bautista E, Chotpitayasunondh T, Gao Z, Harper SA, Shaw M, Uyeki TM, et al. Clinical aspects of pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. N Engl J Med. 2010 May 6. 362(18):1708-19. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

24. Update: Influenza A (H3N2)v Transmission and Guidelines - Five States, 2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012 Jan 6. 60:1741-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Belongia EA, Irving SA, Waring SC, et al. Clinical characteristics and 30-day outcomes for influenza A 2009 (H1N1), 2008-2009 (H1N1), and 2007-2008 (H3N2) infections. JAMA. 2010 Sep 8. 304(10):1091-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Jain S, Benoit SR, Skarbinski J, Bramley AM, Finelli L. Influenza-Associated Pneumonia Among Hospitalized Patients With 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Virus--United States, 2009. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 May. 54(9):1221-1229. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Myles PR, Semple MG, Lim WS, Openshaw PJ, Gadd EM, Read RC, et al. Predictors of clinical outcome in a national hospitalised cohort across both waves of the influenza A/H1N1 pandemic 2009-2010 in the UK. Thorax. 2012 Mar 14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Khandaker G, Zurynski Y, Buttery J, Marshall H, Richmond PC, Dale RC, et al. Neurologic complications of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09: Surveillance in 6 pediatric hospitals. Neurology. 2012 Oct 2. 79(14):1474-1481. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. CDC. Guidance for Clinicians & Public Health Professionals. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/swineflu/guidance/. Accessed: April 27, 2009.

30. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Influenza Virus Resource. Available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/FLU/SwineFlu.html. Accessed: May 4, 2009.

31. NIAID. NIAID and 2009 H1N1 influenza. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/flu/h1n1/research/Pages/researchProgram.aspx. Accessed: May 4, 2009.

32. CDC 2009 H1N1 vaccination campaign planning checklist. August 31, 2009. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/H1N1flu/vaccination/statelocal/planning_checklist.htm. Accessed: September 1, 2009.

33. CDC. Novel H1N1 vaccination recommendations. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/vaccination/acip.htm. Accessed: September 1, 2009.

34. Maternal and Infant Outcomes Among Severely Ill Pregnant and Postpartum Women with 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) --- United States, April 2009--August 2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011 Sep 9. 60:1193-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

35. Pasternak B, Svanström H, Mølgaard-Nielsen D, Krause TG, Emborg HD, Melbye M, et al. Vaccination against pandemic A/H1N1 2009 influenza in pregnancy and risk of fetal death: cohort study in Denmark. BMJ. 2012 May 2. 344:e2794. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

36. CDC. Interim Guidance for Infection Control for Care of Patients with Confirmed or Suspected Swine Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection in a Healthcare Setting. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/swineflu/guidelines_infection_control.htm. Accessed: April 29, 2009.

37. Zhu FC, Wang H, Fang HH, Yang JG, Lin XJ, Liang XF, et al. A novel influenza A (H1N1) vaccine in various age groups. N Engl J Med. 2009 Dec 17. 361(25):2414-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. US Food and Drug Administration. Letter from the Commissioner to Nation’s Health Care Professionals on H1N1 Vaccine Safety. Available at http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/PublicHealthFocus/ucm197733.htm. Accessed: January 14, 2010.

39. [Guideline] Uyeki TM, Bernstein HH, Bradley JS, Englund JA, File TM, Fry AM, et al. Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America: 2018 Update on Diagnosis, Treatment, Chemoprophylaxis, and Institutional Outbreak Management of Seasonal Influenzaa. Clin Infect Dis. 2019 Mar 5. 68 (6):e1-e47. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. WHO guidelines for pharmacological management of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza and other influenza viruses. World Health Organization. Available at http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/swineflu/h1n1_use_antivirals_20090820/en/index.html. Accessed: August 20, 2009.

41. Graitcer SB, Gubareva L, Kamimoto L, et al. Characteristics of Patients with Oseltamivir-Resistant Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011 Feb. 17(2):255-257. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Hernandez JE, Adiga R, Armstrong R, et al. Clinical experience in adults and children treated with intravenous peramivir for 2009 influenza A (H1N1) under an Emergency IND program in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Mar. 52(6):695-706. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

43. CDC. Interim Guidance on Antiviral Recommendations for Patients with Confirmed or Suspected Swine Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection and Close Contacts. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/swineflu/recommendations.htm. Accessed: April 28, 2009.

44. CDC. Update: drug susceptibility of swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) viruses, April 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009 May 1. 58(16):433-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

45. Oseltamivir-resistant 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection in two summer campers receiving prophylaxis--North Carolina, 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009 Sep 11. 58(35):969-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Lee VJ, Yap J, Cook AR, Chen MI, Tay JK, Tan BH, et al. Oseltamivir ring prophylaxis for containment of 2009 H1N1 influenza outbreaks. N Engl J Med. 2010 Jun 10. 362(23):2166-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. CDC. Interim Guidance - Pregnant women and swine influenza: considerations for clinicians. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/swineflu/clinician_pregnant.htm. Accessed: April 29, 2009.

48. Yin JK, Khandaker G, Rashid H, Heron L, Ridda I, Booy R. Immunogenicity and safety of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 vaccine: systematic review and meta-analysis. Influenza Other Respi Viruses. 2011 Mar 21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Li Y, Robertson I. The epidemiology of swine influenza. Anim Dis. 2021. 1 (1):21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Michael Stuart Bronze, MD David Ross Boyd Professor and Chairman, Department of Medicine, Stewart G Wolf Endowed Chair in Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center; Master of the American College of Physicians; Fellow, Infectious Diseases Society of America; Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, London

Michael Stuart Bronze, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, Association of Professors of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Oklahoma State Medical Association, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Russell W Steele, MD Clinical Professor, Tulane University School of Medicine; Staff Physician, Ochsner Clinic Foundation

Russell W Steele, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association of Immunologists, American Pediatric Society, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Louisiana State Medical Society, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Society for Pediatric Research, Southern Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article