Shigellosis Questions & Answers

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15. Hines JZ, Jagger MA, Jeanne TL, et al. Heavy precipitation as a risk factor for shigellosis among homeless persons during an outbreak - Oregon, 2015-2016. J Infect. 2018 Mar. 76(3):280-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Williamson D, Ingle D, Howden B. Extensively drug-resistant shigellosis in Australia among men who have sex with men. N Engl J Med. 2019 Dec 19. 381(25):2477-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

17. Ingle DJ, Easton M, Valcanis M, et al. Co-circulation of multidrug-resistant Shigella among men who have sex with men in Australia. Clin Infect Dis. 2019 Oct 15. 69(9):1535-44. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

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19. Shad AA, Shad WA. Shigella sonnei: virulence and antibiotic resistance. Arch Microbiol. 2021 Jan. 203 (1):45-58. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

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21. Arnold SLM. Target product profile and development path for shigellosis treatment with antibacterials. ACS Infect Dis. 2021 May 14. 7 (5):948-58. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Moralez EI, Lofland D. Shigellosis with resultant septic shock and renal failure. Clin Lab Sci. 2011 Summer. 24(3):147-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Khan WA, Griffiths JK, Bennish ML. Gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal manifestations of childhood shigellosis in a region where all four species of Shigella are endemic. PLoS One. 2013. 8(5):e64097. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

24. Bennish ML. Potentially lethal complications of shigellosis. Rev Infect Dis. 1991 Mar-Apr. 13(suppl 4):S319-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Bennish ML, Azad AK, Yousefzadeh D. Intestinal obstruction during shigellosis: incidence, clinical features, risk factors, and outcome. Gastroenterology. 1991 Sep. 101(3):626-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Azad MA, Islam M, Butler T. Colonic perforation in Shigella dysenteriae 1 infection. Pediatr Infect Dis. 1986 Jan-Feb. 5(1):103-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Martin T, Habbick BF, Nyssen J. Shigellosis with bacteremia: a report of two cases and a review of the literature. Pediatr Infect Dis. 1983 Jan-Feb. 2(1):21-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Struelens MJ, Patte D, Kabir I, Salam A, Nath SK, Butler T. Shigella septicemia: prevalence, presentation, risk factors, and outcome. J Infect Dis. 1985 Oct. 152(4):784-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Morduchowicz G, Huminer D, Siegman-Igra Y, Drucker M, Block CS, Pitlik SD. Shigella bacteremia in adults. A report of five cases and review of the literature. Arch Intern Med. 1987 Nov. 147(11):2034-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Keddy KH, Sooka A, Crowther-Gibson P, et al. Systemic shigellosis in South Africa. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 May. 54(10):1448-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Keusch GT, Bennish ML. Shigellosis: recent progress, persisting problems and research issues. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1989 Oct. 8(10):713-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Butler T, Islam MR, Bardhan PK. The leukemoid reaction in shigellosis. Am J Dis Child. 1984 Feb. 138(2):162-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Khan WA, Dhar U, Salam MA, Griffiths JK, Rand W, Bennish ML. Central nervous system manifestations of childhood shigellosis: prevalence, risk factors, and outcome. Pediatrics. 1999 Feb. 103(2):E18. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Avital A, Maayan C, Goitein KJ. Incidence of convulsions and encephalopathy in childhood Shigella infections. Survey of 117 hospitalized patients. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1982 Nov. 21(11):645-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Simon DG, Kaslow RA, Rosenbaum J, Kaye RL, Calin A. Reiter's syndrome following epidemic shigellosis. J Rheumatol. 1981 Nov-Dec. 8(6):969-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Siegler RL. The hemolytic uremic syndrome. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1995 Dec. 42(6):1505-29. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Murphy TV, Nelson JD. Shigella vaginitis: report of 38 patients and review of the literature. Pediatrics. 1979 Apr. 63(4):511-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Tobias JD, Starke JR, Tosi MF. Shigella keratitis: a report of two cases and a review of the literature. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1987 Jan. 6(1):79-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Rubenstein JS, Noah ZL, Zales VR, Shulman ST. Acute myocarditis associated with Shigella sonnei gastroenteritis. J Pediatr. 1993 Jan. 122(1):82-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Kroser JA, Metz DC. Evaluation of the adult patient with diarrhea. Prim Care. 1996 Sep. 23(3):629-47. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Moreno-Mingorance A, Espinal P, Rodriguez V, et al. Circulation of multi-drug-resistant Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri among men who have sex with men in Barcelona, Spain, 2015-2019. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2021 Sep. 58 (3):106378. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Banerjee S, LaMont JT. Treatment of gastrointestinal infections. Gastroenterology. 2000 Feb. 118(2 suppl 1):S48-67. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Murphy GS, Bodhidatta L, Echeverria P, et al. Ciprofloxacin and loperamide in the treatment of bacillary dysentery. Ann Intern Med. 1993 Apr 15. 118(8):582-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Baker KS, Campos J, Pichel M, et al. Whole genome sequencing of Shigella sonnei through PulseNet Latin America and Caribbean: advancing global surveillance of foodborne illnesses. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2017 Nov. 23(11):845-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

45. Sivapalasingam S, Nelson JM, Joyce K, et al. High prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among Shigella isolates in the United States tested by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System from 1999 to 2002. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006 Jan. 50(1):49-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Klontz KC, Singh N. Treatment of drug-resistant Shigella infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2015 Jan. 13(1):69-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Medeiros PHQS, Lima AAM, Guedes MM, et al. Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2018 Mar. 90(3):198-205. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Toro C, Arroyo A, Sarria A, et al. Shigellosis in subjects with traveler's diarrhea versus domestically acquired diarrhea: implications for antimicrobial therapy and human immunodeficiency virus surveillance. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015 Sep. 93(3):491-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Vinh H, Anh VT, Anh ND, et al. A multi-center randomized trial to assess the efficacy of gatifloxacin versus ciprofloxacin for the treatment of shigellosis in Vietnamese children. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011 Aug. 5(8):e1264. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

50. Policar M. Shigellosis. In: Ferri FF, ed. Ferri's Clinical Advisor: Instant Diagnosis and Treatment. Mosby; 2005. 752-4.

51. Gu B, Ke X, Pan S, et al. Prevalence and trends of aminoglycoside resistance in Shigella worldwide, 1999-2010. J Biomed Res. 2013 Mar. 27(2):103-15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

52. Wolf DC, Gianella RA. Invasive pathogens. Consultations in Gastroenterology. 1996. 381-4.

53. Taneja N. Changing epidemiology of shigellosis and emergence of ciprofloxacin-resistant Shigellae in India. J Clin Microbiol. 2007 Feb. 45(2):678-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Heiman KE, Karlsson M, Grass J, et al. Notes from the field: Shigella with decreased susceptibility to azithromycin among men who have sex with men - United States, 2002-2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014 Feb 14. 63(6):132-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Lewis R. Azithromycin not effective against all Shigella infections. Medscape Medical News from WebMD. February 13, 2014. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/820607. Accessed: February 23, 2014.

56. Lubbert C. Antimicrobial therapy of acute diarrhoea: a clinical review. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2016. 14(2):193-206. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Li YL, Tewari D, Yealy CC, Fardig D, M'ikanatha NM. Surveillance for travel and domestically acquired multidrug-resistant human Shigella infections-Pennsylvania, 2006-2014. Health Secur. 2016 May-Jun. 14(3):143-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Piro AS, Hernandez D, Luoma S, et al. Detection of cytosolic Shigella flexneri via a C-terminal triple-arginine motif of GBP1 inhibits actin-based motility. MBio. 2017 Dec 12. 8(6):[QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

59. Pinaud L, Ferrari ML, Friedman R, et al. Identification of novel substrates of Shigella T3SA through analysis of its virulence plasmid-encoded secretome. PLoS One. 2017. 12(10):e0186920. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

60. Brown JD, Willcox SJ, Franklin N, et al. Shigella species epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility: the implications of emerging azithromycin resistance for guiding treatment, guidelines and breakpoints. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017 Nov 1. 72(11):3181-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

61. Scallan E, Hoekstra RM, Angulo FJ, et al. Foodborne illness acquired in the United States--major pathogens. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011 Jan. 17(1):7-15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

62. Ashkenazi S. Shigella infections in children: new insights. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis. 2004 Oct. 15(4):246-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Heba Rashid Ashraf, MD Gastroenterologist, Digestive Disease Consultants of Orange County

Heba Rashid Ashraf, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michael H Piper, MD Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Wayne State University School of Medicine; Consulting Staff, Digestive Health Associates, PLC

Michael H Piper, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Gastroenterology, American College of Physicians, Michigan State Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Aaron Glatt, MD Chairman, Department of Medicine, Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Epidemiologist, South Nassau Communities Hospital

Aaron Glatt, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Physician Leadership, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Medical Association, American Society for Microbiology, American Thoracic Society, American Venereal Disease Association, Infectious Diseases Society of America, International AIDS Society, Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

BS Anand, MD Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Baylor College of Medicine

BS Anand, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American College of Gastroenterology, American Gastroenterological Association, American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Joyann A Kroser, MD, FACP, FACG, AGAF Adjunct Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine, Gastroenterology, and Hepatology, Drexel University College of Medicine; Adjunct Professor of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine

Joyann A Kroser, MD, FACP, FACG, AGAF is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, Alpha Omega Alpha, Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America, American College of Gastroenterology, American Gastroenterological Association, American Medical Association, American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Pennsylvania Medical Society, Phi Beta Kappa, Philadelphia County Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Amandeep Singh, MBBS Resident Physician, Department of Internal Medicine, Crozer Chester Medical Center

Amandeep Singh, MBBS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Family Physicians, American College of Gastroenterology, American College of Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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