Whipple Disease Questions & Answers

1. Relman DA, Schmidt TM, MacDermott RP, et al. Identification of the uncultured bacillus of Whipple's disease. N Engl J Med. 1992 Jul 30. 327(5):293-301. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Raoult D, Birg ML, La Scola B, et al. Cultivation of the bacillus of Whipple's disease. N Engl J Med. 2000 Mar 2. 342(9):620-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Herrmann MD, Neumayr A, Essig A, et al. Isolated Whipple's endocarditis: an underestimated diagnosis that requires molecular analysis of surgical material. Ann Thorac Surg. 2014 Jul. 98(1):e1-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Arnold CA, Moreira RK, Lam-Himlin D, De Petris G, Montgomery E. Whipple disease a century after the initial description: increased recognition of unusual presentations, autoimmune comorbidities, and therapy effects. Am J Surg Pathol. 2012 Jul. 36(7):1066-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Dray X, Vahedi K, Delcey V, et al. Mycobacterium avium duodenal infection mimicking Whipple's disease in a patient with AIDS. Endoscopy. 2007 Feb. 39 Suppl 1:E296-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Patel SJ, Huard RC, Keller C, Foca M. Possible case of CNS Whipple's disease in an adolescent with AIDS. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care (Chic). 2008 Mar-Apr. 7(2):69-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Ramzan NN, Loftus E Jr, Burgart LJ, et al. Diagnosis and monitoring of Whipple disease by polymerase chain reaction. Ann Intern Med. 1997 Apr 1. 126(7):520-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Marth T, Schneider T. Whipple disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2008 Mar. 24(2):141-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Schneider T, Moos V, Loddenkemper C, et al. Whipple's disease: new aspects of pathogenesis and treatment. Lancet Infect Dis. 2008 Mar. 8(3):179-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. O'Duffy JD, Griffing WL, Li CY, et al. Whipple's arthritis: direct detection of Tropheryma whippelii in synovial fluid and tissue. Arthritis Rheum. 1999 Apr. 42(4):812-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Celard M, de Gevigney G, Mosnier S, et al. Polymerase chain reaction analysis for diagnosis of Tropheryma whippelii infective endocarditis in two patients with no previous evidence of Whipple's disease. Clin Infect Dis. 1999 Nov. 29(5):1348-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Gubler JG, Kuster M, Dutly F, et al. Whipple endocarditis without overt gastrointestinal disease: report of four cases. Ann Intern Med. 1999 Jul 20. 131(2):112-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Gerard A, Sarrot-Reynauld F, Liozon E, et al. Neurologic presentation of Whipple disease: report of 12 cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 2002 Nov. 81(6):443-57. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Kelly CA, Egan M, Rawlinson J. Whipple's disease presenting with lung involvement. Thorax. 1996 Mar. 51(3):343-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Marth T. Tropheryma whipplei, immunosuppression and Whipple's disease: from a low-pathogenic, environmental infectious organism to a rare, multifaceted inflammatory complex. Dig Dis. 2015. 33(2):190-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Ehrbar HU, Bauerfeind P, Dutly F, et al. PCR-positive tests for Tropheryma whippelii in patients without Whipple's disease. Lancet. 1999 Jun 26. 353(9171):2214. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Dick J, Krauss P, Hillenkamp J, Kohlmorgen B, Schoen C. Postoperative Tropheryma whipple endophthalmitis - a case report highlighting the additive value of molecular testing. JMM Case Rep. 2017 Oct. 4(10):e005124. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Street S, Donoghue HD, Neild GH. Tropheryma whippelii DNA in saliva of healthy people. Lancet. 1999 Oct 2. 354(9185):1178-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Dobbins WO 3rd. HLA antigens in Whipple's disease. Arthritis Rheum. 1987 Jan. 30(1):102-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Fenollar F, Puechal X, Raoult D. Whipple's disease. N Engl J Med. 2007 Jan 4. 356(1):55-66. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Durand DV, Lecomte C, Cathebras P, et al. Whipple disease. Clinical review of 52 cases. The SNFMI Research Group on Whipple Disease. Société Nationale Française de Médecine Interne. Medicine (Baltimore). 1997 May. 76(3):170-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Keinath RD, Merrell DE, Vlietstra R, et al. Antibiotic treatment and relapse in Whipple's disease. Long-term follow-up of 88 patients. Gastroenterology. 1985 Jun. 88(6):1867-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Fleming JL, Wiesner RH, Shorter RG. Whipple's disease: clinical, biochemical, and histopathologic features and assessment of treatment in 29 patients. Mayo Clin Proc. 1988 Jun. 63(6):539-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Antunes C, Singhal M. Whipple Disease. StatPearls [Internet]. 2019 Jan. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

25. Cunningham S, Maulucci F, Zufferey P, Ribi C, Maillard MH. [Whipple's disease, when to think about it?] [French]. Rev Med Suisse. 2015 Sep 2. 11(484):1582, 1584-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Puechal X. Whipple's arthritis. Joint Bone Spine. 2016 Dec. 83(6):631-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Marth T. Systematic review: Whipple's disease (Tropheryma whipplei infection) and its unmasking by tumour necrosis factor inhibitors. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015 Apr. 41(8):709-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Ramos JM, Pasquau F, Galipienso N, et al. Whipple's disease diagnosed during anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha treatment: two case reports and review of the literature. J Med Case Rep. 2015 Jul 28. 9:165. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Gaude M, Tebib J, Puechal X. Atypical focal forms of Whipple's disease seen by rheumatologists. Joint Bone Spine. 2015 Jan. 82(1):56-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Scheib JS. Whipple disease revisited: radiographic features of a patient with 35 years of undiagnosed arthritis. J Clin Rheumatol. 2004 Apr. 10(2):69-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Matthews BR, Jones LK, Saad DA, et al. Cerebellar ataxia and central nervous system Whipple disease. Arch Neurol. 2005 Apr. 62(4):618-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Fenollar F, Nicoli F, Paquet C, et al. Progressive dementia associated with ataxia or obesity in patients with Tropheryma whipplei encephalitis. BMC Infect Dis. 2011 Jun 15. 11:171. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

33. Pessa ME, Baldi A, Gigli GL, Valente M. A case of rapidly progressive dementia: Whipple disease of CNS. Neurol Sci. 2018 Mar. 39(3):591-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Suzer T, Demirkan N, Tahta K, Coskun E, Cetin B. Whipple's disease confined to the central nervous system: case report and review of the literature. Scand J Infect Dis. 1999. 31(4):411-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Compain C, Sacre K, Puechal X, et al. Central nervous system involvement in Whipple disease: clinical study of 18 patients and long-term follow-up. Medicine (Baltimore). 2013 Nov. 92(6):324-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Glaser C, Rieg S, Wiech T, et al. Whipple's disease mimicking rheumatoid arthritis can cause misdiagnosis and treatment failure. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2017 May 25. 12(1):99. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

37. Yajima N, Wada R, Kimura S, et al. Whipple disease diagnosed with PCR using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens of the intestinal mucosa. Intern Med. 2013. 52(2):219-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Moter A, Schmiedel D, Petrich A, et al. Validation of an rpoB gene PCR assay for detection of Tropheryma whipplei: 10 years' experience in a National Reference Laboratory. J Clin Microbiol. 2013 Nov. 51(11):3858-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

39. Whistance RN, Elfarouki GW, Vohra HA, Livesey SA. A case of Tropheryma whipplei infective endocarditis of the aortic and mitral valves in association with psoriatic arthritis and lumbar discitis. J Heart Valve Dis. 2011 May. 20(3):353-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Balducci C, Foresti S, Ciervo A, et al. Primary Whipple disease of the central nervous system presenting with rhombencephalitis. Int J Infect Dis. 2019 Aug 23. 88:149-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

41. Saito H, Shiode J, Ohya S, et al. Whipple's disease with long-term endoscopic follow-up. Intern Med. 2018 Jun 15. 57(12):1707-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

42. Gunther U, Moos V, Offenmuller G, et al. Gastrointestinal diagnosis of classical Whipple disease: clinical, endoscopic, and histopathologic features in 191 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015 Apr. 94(15):e714. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Fenollar F, Lagier JC, Raoult D. Tropheryma whipplei and Whipple's disease. J Infect. 2014 Aug. 69(2):103-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Vayssade M, Tournadre A, D'Incan M, Soubrier M, Dubost JJ. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome during treatment of Whipple's disease. Joint Bone Spine. 2015 Mar. 82(2):122-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Vindigni SM, Taylor J, Quilter LA, et al. Tropheryma whipplei infection (Whipple's disease) in a patient after liver transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis. 2016 Aug. 18(4):617-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Tabuas-Pereira M, Vicente M, Coelho F, Santana I. Prosopagnosia as the presenting symptom of Whipple disease. Cogn Behav Neurol. 2016 Jun. 29(2):100-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Loiodice A, Losurdo G, Iannone A, Rossi R, Fiore MG, Piscitelli D. Transmission electron microscopy helpfulness in Whipple's disease masked by immunosuppressant therapy for arthritis. APMIS. 2018 Jan. 126(1):92-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Ingram M Roberts, MD, MBA Clinical Professor of Medicine (Adjunct), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University

Ingram M Roberts, MD, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Physician Leadership, American College of Gastroenterology, American Gastroenterological Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Burt Cagir, MD, FACS Associate Regional Dean and Professor of Surgery, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine; Director, General Surgery Residency Program, Executive Director, Donald Guthrie Foundation for Research and Education, Guthrie Robert Packer Hospital; Medical Director, Guthrie/RPH Skills and Simulation Lab; Associate in Surgery, Guthrie Robert Packer Hospital and Corning Hospital

Burt Cagir, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, Association of Program Directors in Surgery, Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Marco G Patti, MD Surgeon, UNC Hospitals Multispecialty Surgery Clinic

Marco G Patti, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Surgeons, American Gastroenterological Association, American Medical Association, American Surgical Association, Association for Academic Surgery, Pan-Pacific Surgical Association, Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons, Southwestern Surgical Congress, Western Surgical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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