Diagnostic Considerations

Patients presenting with acute ascending cholangitis should undergo urgent biliary drainage when an appropriate response to antibiotic therapy is not achieved or when the initial presentation is severe.

Other conditions to consider in patients with suspected bile duct strictures include the following:

Autoimmune cholangiopathy
Cholestasis associated with parenteral nutrition
Cholestasis associated with sepsis
Drug-induced cholestasis
Postoperative jaundice
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
Primary biliary cirrhosis

Differential Diagnoses

Gallstones (Cholelithiasis)

Workup

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Media Gallery

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic image of a cholangiocarcinoma at the bifurcation of the right and left hepatic ducts (Klatskin tumor).
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic cholangiogram demonstrating a long bile duct stricture that represents external compression by gallbladder cancer.
Transhepatic cholangiogram with an external drainage catheter in place.
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic image of a cholangiogram in a patient with cholangiocarcinoma whose condition has been treated with a metal stent.
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic cholangiogram of a solitary benign stricture of the distal bile duct. Resection demonstrated sclerosing cholangitis.
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic cholangiogram demonstrating an isolated mid-hepatic duct stricture as a result of pancreatic cancer.
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic cholangiogram demonstrating diffuse stricturing of the intrahepatic ducts that is consistent with primary sclerosing cholangitis.
Periductal onion skin fibrosis seen in primary sclerosing cholangitis.
Periductal lymphocytic and plasma cell infiltrate that is consistent with autoimmune cholangiopathy.
Focal intrahepatic benign bile duct stricture after cholecystectomy.
Multiple small bile duct stones seen on magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP).
Irregular common bile duct stricture as a result of cholangiocarcinoma.
This image is an example of an intraoperative cholangiogram performed during a laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Focal bile duct stricture as a result of pancreatic cancer in the head of the pancreas.
Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiogram with balloon dilation of a postoperative bile duct stricture.
Benign distal common bile duct stricture seen during a cholecystostomy injection in an elderly male. The stricture resolved with a 4-week course of oral corticosteroid therapy.

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Author

William R Brugge, MD Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Director, Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital

William R Brugge, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Gastroenterology, American College of Physicians, American Gastroenterological Association, American Pancreatic Association, American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America, American Federation for Clinical Research

Disclosure: Received grant/research funds from RedPath for consulting.

Coauthor(s)

Ashraf Saleemuddin, MD Attending Gastroenterologist

Ashraf Saleemuddin, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Gastroenterology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Parviz Nikoomanesh, MD †

Parviz Nikoomanesh, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Gastroenterology, American College of Physicians, American Gastroenterological Association, American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Lawrence J Cheskin, MD Director, Johns Hopkins Weight Management Center; Associate Professor, Health, Behavior & Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; Joint Appointment, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; International Health/Human Nutrition, JH Bloomberg School of Public Health

Lawrence J Cheskin, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Gastroenterology, American College of Physicians, American Gastroenterological Association

Disclosure: Received consulting fee from Medifast for board membership; Received none from Vivus for purchase of stock as an investment; Received none from Medifast for purchase of stock as an investment.

Specialty Editor Board

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

BS Anand, MD Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Baylor College of Medicine

BS Anand, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American College of Gastroenterology, American Gastroenterological Association, American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Praveen K Roy, MD, AGAF Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine

Praveen K Roy, MD, AGAF is a member of the following medical societies: American Gastroenterological Association, American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Additional Contributors

David Greenwald, MD Professor of Clinical Medicine, Fellowship Program Director, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine

David Greenwald, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, New York Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, American College of Gastroenterology, American College of Physicians, American Gastroenterological Association, American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

Hemant Pande, MD Consulting Staff, Department of Gastroenterology, Leesville Surgical Clinic and Digestive Disease Center

Hemant Pande, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Gastroenterology, American Gastroenterological Association, and American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.