Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding (UGIB) Questions & Answers

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14. Elmunzer BJ, Young SD, Inadomi JM, Schoenfeld P, Laine L. Systematic review of the predictors of recurrent hemorrhage after endoscopic hemostatic therapy for bleeding peptic ulcers. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008 Oct. 103(10):2625-32; quiz 2633. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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17. Stanley AJ, Laine L. Management of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. BMJ. 2019 Mar 25. 364:l536. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

18. Stollman N, Metz DC. Pathophysiology and prophylaxis of stress ulcer in intensive care unit patients. J Crit Care. 2005 Mar. 20(1):35-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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21. Quenot JP, Thiery N, Barbar S. When should stress ulcer prophylaxis be used in the ICU?. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2009 Apr. 15(2):139-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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25. Larson G, Schmidt T, Gott J, Bond S, O'Connor CA, Richardson JD. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding: predictors of outcome. Surgery. 1986 Oct. 100(4):765-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Reilly HF 3rd, al-Kawas FH. Dieulafoy's lesion. Diagnosis and management. Dig Dis Sci. 1991 Dec. 36(12):1702-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Pilotto A, Maggi S, Noale M, Franceschi M, Parisi G, Crepaldi G. Development and validation of a new questionnaire for the evaluation of upper gastrointestinal symptoms in the elderly population: a multicenter study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2010 Feb. 65(2):174-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Jairath V, Desborough MJ. Modern-day management of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Transfus Med. 2015 Dec. 25(6):351-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Lanas A, Perez-Aisa MA, Feu F, et al. A nationwide study of mortality associated with hospital admission due to severe gastrointestinal events and those associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005 Aug. 100(8):1685-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. D'Souza D, et al. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Radiopaedia. Available at https://radiopaedia.org/articles/upper-gastrointestinal-bleeding?lang=us. Accessed: March 24, 2019.

31. Patel SD, Desai R, Patel U, et al. Thirty-day readmissions after upper and lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage: a national perspective in the United States. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2019 Sep. 53(8):582-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Peter DJ, Dougherty JM. Evaluation of the patient with gastrointestinal bleeding: an evidence based approach. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 1999 Feb. 17(1):239-61, x. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. [Guideline] Adler DG, Leighton JA, Davila RE, et al, for ASGE. ASGE guideline: The role of endoscopy in acute non-variceal upper-GI hemorrhage. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004 Oct. 60(4):497-504. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Laine L, Shah A. Randomized trial of urgent vs. elective colonoscopy in patients hospitalized with lower GI bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010 Dec. 105(12):2636-41; quiz 2642. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Huang ES, Strate LL, Ho WW, Lee SS, Chan AT. Long-term use of aspirin and the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Med. 2011 May. 124(5):426-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

36. American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma. Advanced Trauma Life Support Course Manual. Chicago, Ill: American College of Surgeons; 1997.

37. Kim BS, Li BT, Engel A, et al. Diagnosis of gastrointestinal bleeding: a practical guide for clinicians. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2014 Nov 15. 5(4):467-78. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

38. Peery AF, Crockett SD, Barritt AS, et al. Burden of gastrointestinal, liver, and pancreatic diseases in the United States. Gastroenterology. 2015 Dec. 149(7):1731-1741.e3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

39. Schenker MP, Majdalany BS, Funaki BS, et al. ACR appropriateness criteria on upper gastrointestinal bleeding. J Am Coll Radiol. 2010 Nov. 7(11):845-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Norton JA, Foster DS, Ito T, Jensen RT. Gastrinomas: medical or surgical treatment. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2018 Sep. 47(3):577-601. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Bornman PC, Theodorou NA, Shuttleworth RD, Essel HP, Marks IN. Importance of hypovolaemic shock and endoscopic signs in predicting recurrent haemorrhage from peptic ulceration: a prospective evaluation. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1985 Jul 27. 291(6490):245-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

42. Silverstein FE, Gilbert DA, Tedesco FJ, Buenger NK, Persing J. The national ASGE survey on upper gastrointestinal bleeding. II. Clinical prognostic factors. Gastrointest Endosc. 1981 May. 27(2):80-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Villanueva C, Colomo A, Bosch A, et al. Transfusion strategies for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. N Engl J Med. 2013 Jan 3. 368(1):11-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

44. Waknine Y. GI bleeds: withholding transfusions boosts survival. Medscape Medical News. January 4, 2013. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/777187. Accessed: January 15, 2013.

45. [Guideline] Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Management of acute upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding. A national clinical guideline. Edinburgh (Scotland): Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN); 2008 Sep. (SIGN publication; no. 105): [Full Text].

46. Peloquin JM, Seraj SM, King LY, Campbell EJ, Ananthakrishnan AN, Richter JM. Diagnostic and therapeutic yield of endoscopy in patients with elevated INR and gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Med. 2016 Jun. 129(6):628-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Stanley AJ, Laine L, Dalton HR, et al, for the International Gastrointestinal Bleeding Consortium. Comparison of risk scoring systems for patients presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding: international multicentre prospective study. BMJ. 2017 Jan 4. 356:i6432. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

48. Abougergi MS, Charpentier JP, Bethea E, et al. A prospective, multicenter study of the AIMS65 Score compared with the Glasgow-Blatchford Score in predicting upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage outcomes. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2016 Jul. 50(6):464-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Saltzman JR, Tabak YP, Hyett BH, Sun X, Travis AC, Johannes RS. A simple risk score accurately predicts in-hospital mortality, length of stay, and cost in acute upper GI bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc. 2011 Dec. 74(6):1215-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Alexandrino G, Carvalho R, Reis J. Comparison of the AIMS65 score with other risk stratification scores in upper variceal and nonvariceal gastrointestinal bleeding. Gut Liver. 2018 Jan 15. 12(1):111-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

51. Gu L, Xu F, Yuan J. Comparison of AIMS65, Glasgow-Blatchford and Rockall scoring approaches in predicting the risk of in-hospital death among emergency hospitalized patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a retrospective observational study in Nanjing, China. BMC Gastroenterol. 2018 Jun 28. 18(1):98. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

52. Robertson M, Majumdar A, Boyapati R, et al. Risk stratification in acute upper GI bleeding: comparison of the AIMS65 score with the Glasgow-Blatchford and Rockall scoring systems. Gastrointest Endosc. 2016 Jun. 83(6):1151-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Contreras-Omana R, Alfaro-Reynoso JA, Cruz-Chavez CE, et al. The Progetto Nazionale Emorragia Digestiva (PNED) system vs. the Rockall score as mortality predictors in patients with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: A multicenter prospective study. Rev Gastroenterol Mex. 2017 Apr - Jun. 82(2):123-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Shahrami A, Ahmadi S, Safari S. Full and modified Glasgow-Blatchford Bleeding Score in predicting the outcome of patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding; a diagnostic accuracy study. Emerg (Tehran). 2018. 6(1):e31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

55. Aoki T, Nagata N, Yamada A, et al. Next endoscopic approach for acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding without an identified source on colonoscopy: upper or capsule endoscopy?. Endosc Int Open. 2019 Mar. 7(3):E337-E346. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

56. Micic D, Gaetano JN, Nigam N, et al. Risk factors for small bowel bleeding in an overt gastrointestinal bleeding presentation after negative upper and lower endoscopy. PLoS One. 2019. 14(2):e0212509. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

57. Cai JX, Saltzman JR. Initial assessment, risk stratification, and early management of acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2018 Jul. 28(3):261-75. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Spiegel BM, Vakil NB, Ofman JJ. Endoscopy for acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage: is sooner better? A systematic review. Arch Intern Med. 2001 Jun 11. 161(11):1393-404. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

59. Tsoi KK, Ma TK, Sung JJ. Endoscopy for upper gastrointestinal bleeding: how urgent is it?. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009 Aug. 6(8):463-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

60. Chandran S, Testro A, Urquhart P, et al. Risk stratification of upper GI bleeding with an esophageal capsule. Gastrointest Endosc. 2013 Jun. 77(6):891-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

61. [Guideline] Schenker MP, Majdalany BS, Funaki BS, et al; and Expert Panel on Vascular Imaging and Interventional Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® upper gastrointestinal bleeding. [online publication]. Reston (VA): American College of Radiology (ACR); 2010. [Full Text].

62. Wortman JR, Landman W, Fulwadhva UP, Viscomi SG, Sodickson AD. CT angiography for acute gastrointestinal bleeding: what the radiologist needs to know. Br J Radiol. 2017 Jul. 90(1075):20170076. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

63. Lee HH, Park JM, Chun HJ, Oh JS, Ahn HJ, Choi MG. Transcatheter arterial embolization for endoscopically unmanageable non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2015 Jul. 50(7):809-15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

64. Kyaw M, Tse Y, Ang D, Ang TL, Lau J. Embolization versus surgery for peptic ulcer bleeding after failed endoscopic hemostasis: a meta-analysis. Endosc Int Open. 2014 Mar. 2(1):E6-E14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

65. Laine L, Jensen DM. Management of patients with ulcer bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012 Mar. 107(3):345-60; quiz 361. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

66. Houist G, Guillaumot MA, Soyer P, Coriat R. [May CT scan replace endoscopy to diagnose upper GI bleeding?] [French]. Presse Med. 2018 Sep. 47(9):831-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

67. Millward SF. ACR appropriateness criteria on treatment of acute nonvariceal gastrointestinal tract bleeding. J Am Coll Radiol. 2008 Apr. 5(4):550-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

68. Shukla PA, Zybulewski A, Kolber MK, Berkowitz E, Silberzweig J, Hayim M. No catheter angiography is needed in patients with an obscure acute gastrointestinal bleed and negative CTA. Clin Imaging. 2017 May - Jun. 43:106-19. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

69. Iwasaki H, Shimura T, Yamada T, et al. Novel nasogastric tube-related criteria for urgent endoscopy in nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Dig Dis Sci. 2013 Sep. 58(9):2564-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

70. Aljebreen AM, Fallone CA, Barkun AN. Nasogastric aspirate predicts high-risk endoscopic lesions in patients with acute upper-GI bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004 Feb. 59(2):172-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

71. Tu TC, Lee CL, Wu CH, et al. Comparison of invasive and noninvasive tests for detecting Helicobacter pylori infection in bleeding peptic ulcers. Gastrointest Endosc. 1999 Mar. 49(3 Pt 1):302-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

72. Liao CC, Lee CL, Lai YC, et al. Accuracy of three diagnostic tests used alone and in combination for detecting Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with bleeding gastric ulcers. Chin Med J (Engl). 2003 Dec. 116(12):1821-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

73. Choi YJ, Kim N, Lim J, et al. Accuracy of diagnostic tests for Helicobacter pylori in patients with peptic ulcer bleeding. Helicobacter. 2012 Apr. 17(2):77-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

74. Monteiro S, Goncalves TC, Magalhaes J, Cotter J. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding risk scores: Who, when and why?. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2016 Feb 15. 7(1):86-96. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

75. Baradarian R, Ramdhaney S, Chapalamadugu R, et al. Early intensive resuscitation of patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding decreases mortality. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004 Apr. 99(4):619-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

76. Kaplan LJ, McPartland K, Santora TA, Trooskin SZ. Start with a subjective assessment of skin temperature to identify hypoperfusion in intensive care unit patients. J Trauma. 2001 Apr. 50(4):620-7; discussion 627-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

77. Sarin N, Monga N, Adams PC. Time to endoscopy and outcomes in upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Can J Gastroenterol. 2009 Jul. 23(7):489-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

78. Green FW Jr, Kaplan MM, Curtis LE, Levine PH. Effect of acid and pepsin on blood coagulation and platelet aggregation. A possible contributor prolonged gastroduodenal mucosal hemorrhage. Gastroenterology. 1978 Jan. 74(1):38-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

79. [Guideline] Fujishiro M, Iguchi M, Kakushima N, et al. Guidelines for endoscopic management of non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Dig Endosc. 2016 May. 28(4):363-78. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

80. Yachimski PS, Farrell EA, Hunt DP, Reid AE. Proton pump inhibitors for prophylaxis of nosocomial upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding: effect of standardized guidelines on prescribing practice. Arch Intern Med. 2010 May 10. 170(9):779-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

81. Laine L. Clinical practice. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding due to a peptic ulcer. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jun 16. 374(24):2367-76. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

82. Worden JC, Hanna KS. Optimizing proton pump inhibitor therapy for treatment of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2017 Feb 1. 74(3):109-16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

83. [Guideline] Garcia-Iglesias P, Botargues JM, Feu Caballe F, et al. Management of non variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: position statement of the Catalan Society of Gastroenterology. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 May. 40(5):363-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

84. Lau JY, Leung WK, Wu JC, et al. Omeprazole before endoscopy in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding. N Engl J Med. 2007 Apr 19. 356(16):1631-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

85. Barkun AN, Herba K, Adam V, Kennedy W, Fallone CA, Bardou M. High-dose intravenous proton pump inhibition following endoscopic therapy in the acute management of patients with bleeding peptic ulcers in the USA and Canada: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004 Mar 1. 19(5):591-600. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

86. Laine L, Shah A, Bemanian S. Intragastric pH with oral vs intravenous bolus plus infusion proton-pump inhibitor therapy in patients with bleeding ulcers. Gastroenterology. 2008 Jun. 134(7):1836-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

87. Leontiadis GI, Sharma VK, Howden CW. Proton pump inhibitor therapy for peptic ulcer bleeding: Cochrane collaboration meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007 Mar. 82(3):286-96. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

88. Sreedharan A, Martin J, Leontiadis GI, et al. Proton pump inhibitor treatment initiated prior to endoscopic diagnosis in upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jul 7. CD005415. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

89. Lau JY, Sung JJ, Lam YH, et al. Endoscopic retreatment compared with surgery in patients with recurrent bleeding after initial endoscopic control of bleeding ulcers. N Engl J Med. 1999 Mar 11. 340(10):751-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

90. Leontiadis GI, Sharma VK, Howden CW. Systematic review and meta-analysis of proton pump inhibitor therapy in peptic ulcer bleeding. BMJ. 2005 Mar 12. 330(7491):568. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

91. Buendgens L, Koch A, Tacke F. Prevention of stress-related ulcer bleeding at the intensive care unit: Risks and benefits of stress ulcer prophylaxis. World J Crit Care Med. 2016 Feb 4. 5(1):57-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

92. Nardelli S, Gioia S, Ridola L, Farcomeni A, Merli M, Riggio O. Proton pump inhibitors are associated with minimal and overt hepatic encephalopathy and increased mortality in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2019 Aug. 70(2):640-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

93. Weisman SM, Graham DY. Evaluation of the benefits and risks of low-dose aspirin in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. Arch Intern Med. 2002 Oct 28. 162(19):2197-202. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

94. [Guideline] US Preventive Services Task Force. Aspirin for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2009 Mar 17. 150(6):396-404. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

95. Ray WA, Chung CP, Murray KT, et al. Association of proton pump inhibitors with reduced risk of warfarin-related serious upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastroenterology. 2016 Dec. 151(6):1105-1112.e10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

96. Agewall S, Cattaneo, Collet JP, et al, for the ESC Working Group on Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Drug Therapy and ESC Working Group on Thrombosis. Expert position paper on the use of proton pump inhibitors in patients with cardiovascular disease and antithrombotic therapy. Eur Heart J. 2013 Jun. 34(23):1708-13, 1713a-1713b. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

97. [Guideline] Hwang JH, Fisher DA, Ben-Menachem T, et al, for the Standards of Practice Committee of the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. The role of endoscopy in the management of acute non-variceal upper GI bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012 Jun. 75(6):1132-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

98. Jeong N, Kim KS, Jung YS, Kim T, Shin SM. Delayed endoscopy is associated with increased mortality in upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Am J Emerg Med. 2019 Feb. 37(2):277-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

99. Lim LG, Ho KY, Chan YH, et al. Urgent endoscopy is associated with lower mortality in high-risk but not low-risk nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Endoscopy. 2011 Apr. 43(4):300-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

100. Tai CM, Huang SP, Wang HP, et al. High-risk ED patients with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage undergoing emergency or urgent endoscopy: a retrospective analysis. Am J Emerg Med. 2007 Mar. 25(3):273-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

101. Schacher GM, Lesbros-Pantoflickova D, Ortner MA, Wasserfallen JB, Blum AL, Dorta G. Is early endoscopy in the emergency room beneficial in patients with bleeding peptic ulcer? A "fortuitously controlled" study. Endoscopy. 2005 Apr. 37(4):324-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

102. [Guideline] Gralnek IM, Dumonceau JM, Kuipers EJ, et al. Diagnosis and management of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline. Endoscopy. 2015 Oct. 47(10):a1-46. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

103. Cooper GS, Chak A, Way LE, Hammar PJ, Harper DL, Rosenthal GE. Early endoscopy in upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: associations with recurrent bleeding, surgery, and length of hospital stay. Gastrointest Endosc. 1999 Feb. 49(2):145-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

104. [Guideline] Barkun AN, Bardou M, Kuipers EJ, et al. International consensus recommendations on the management of patients with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Ann Intern Med. 2010 Jan 19. 152(2):101-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

105. Gupta A, Agarwal R, Ananthakrishnan AN. "Weekend effect" in patients with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2018 Jan. 113(1):13-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

106. Liu L, Hao D, Liu W, Wang L, Wang X. Does weekend hospital admission affect upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage outcomes?: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2018 Aug 16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

107. Matsui S, Kamisako T, Kudo M, Inoue R. Endoscopic band ligation for control of nonvariceal upper GI hemorrhage: comparison with bipolar electrocoagulation. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002 Feb. 55(2):214-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

108. Giday SA, Kim Y, Krishnamurty DM, et al. Long-term randomized controlled trial of a novel nanopowder hemostatic agent (TC-325) for control of severe arterial upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a porcine model. Endoscopy. 2011 Apr. 43(4):296-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

109. Laine L, McQuaid KR. Endoscopic therapy for bleeding ulcers: an evidence-based approach based on meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009 Jan. 7(1):33-47; quiz 1-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

110. Vargas HE, Gerber D, Abu-Elmagd K. Management of portal hypertension-related bleeding. Surg Clin North Am. 1999 Feb. 79(1):1-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

111. Jiang Y, Hu J, Li P, Jiang W, Liang W, Wei H. A retrospective analysis of cyanoacrylate injection versus hemoclip placement for bleeding Dieulafoy's lesion in duodenum. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2018. 2018:3208690. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

112. Martinez-Alcala A, Monkemuller K. Emerging endoscopic treatments for nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2018 Jul. 28(3):307-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

113. Jensen DM, Machicado GA. Hemoclipping of chronic canine ulcers: a randomized, prospective study of initial deployment success, clip retention rates, and ulcer healing. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009 Nov. 70(5):969-75. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

114. Cipolletta L, Bianco MA, Marmo R, et al. Endoclips versus heater probe in preventing early recurrent bleeding from peptic ulcer: a prospective and randomized trial. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001 Feb. 53(2):147-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

115. Lin HJ, Hsieh YH, Tseng GY, Perng CL, Chang FY, Lee SD. A prospective, randomized trial of endoscopic hemoclip versus heater probe thermocoagulation for peptic ulcer bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002 Sep. 97(9):2250-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

116. Saltzman JR, Strate LL, Di Sena V, et al. Prospective trial of endoscopic clips versus combination therapy in upper GI bleeding (PROTECCT--UGI bleeding). Am J Gastroenterol. 2005 Jul. 100(7):1503-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

117. Chan SM, Chiu PW, Teoh AY, Lau JY. Use of the Over-the-Scope Clip for treatment of refractory upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a case series. Endoscopy. 2014 May. 46(5):428-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

118. Manno M, Mangiafico S, Caruso A, et al. First-line endoscopic treatment with OTSC in patients with high-risk non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: preliminary experience in 40 cases. Surg Endosc. 2016 May. 30(5):2026-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

119. Haddara S, Jacques J, Lecleire S, et al. A novel hemostatic powder for upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a multicenter study (the "GRAPHE" registry). Endoscopy. 2016 Dec. 48(12):1084-95. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

120. Changela K, Papafragkakis H, Ofori E, et al. Hemostatic powder spray: a new method for managing gastrointestinal bleeding. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2015 May. 8(3):125-35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

121. Cahyadi O, Bauder M, Meier B, Caca K, Schmidt A. Effectiveness of TC-325 (Hemospray) for treatment of diffuse or refractory upper gastrointestinal bleeding - a single center experience. Endosc Int Open. 2017 Nov. 5(11):E1159-E1164. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

122. Ghassemi KA, Jensen DM. The cutting edge: Doppler probe in guiding endoscopic hemostasis. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2018 Jul. 28(3):321-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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Bennie Ray Upchurch, III, MD, FACP, AGAF, FACG, FASGE Staff Physician, Department of Gastroenterology, Licking Memorial Health Systems

Bennie Ray Upchurch, III, MD, FACP, AGAF, FACG, FASGE is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Gastroenterology, American College of Physicians, American Gastroenterological Association, American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

BS Anand, MD Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Baylor College of Medicine

BS Anand, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American College of Gastroenterology, American Gastroenterological Association, American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Maurice A Cerulli, MD, FACP, FACG, FASGE, AGAF Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University; Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine, Hofstra Medical School

Maurice A Cerulli, MD, FACP, FACG, FASGE, AGAF is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American College of Gastroenterology, American College of Physicians, New York Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, American Gastroenterological Association, American Medical Association, American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Shahzad Iqbal, MD Advanced Endoscopy Fellow, Department of Gastroenterology, Columbia University Medical Center

Shahzad Iqbal, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American College of Gastroenterology, American College of Physicians, American Gastroenterological Association, American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

James de Caestecker, DO Instructor, Department of Surgery, MCP Hahnemann University

James de Caestecker, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michael A Grosso, MD Consulting Staff, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, St Francis Hospital

Michael A Grosso, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, and Society of University Surgeons

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Douglas M Heuman, MD, FACP, FACG, AGAF Chief of Hepatology, Hunter Holmes McGuire Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine

Douglas M Heuman, MD, FACP, FACG, AGAF is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American College of Physicians, and American Gastroenterological Association

Disclosure: Novartis Grant/research funds Other; Bayer Grant/research funds Other; Otsuka Grant/research funds None; Bristol Myers Squibb Grant/research funds Other; Scynexis None None; Salix Grant/research funds Other; MannKind Other

Alex Jacocks, MD Program Director, Professor, Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma School of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Jason Straus, MD Staff Physician, Department of Surgery, Wright State University School of Medicine

Jason Straus, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, and Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

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