Diagnosis of Head and Neck Lesions With Ultrasonography Periprocedural Care

1. Schon R, Duker J, Schmelzeisen R. Ultrasonographic imaging of head and neck pathology. Atlas Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2002 Sep. 10(2):213-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. [Guideline] AIUM-ACR-SPR-SRU Practice Parameter for the Performance and Interpretation of a Diagnostic Ultrasound Examination of the Extracranial Head and Neck. J Ultrasound Med. 2018 Nov. 37 (11):E6-E12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

3. Furukawa M, Hashimoto K, Kitani Y, Yoshida M. Point-of-care ultrasound in the head and neck region. J Med Ultrason (2001). 2022 Oct. 49 (4):593-600. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Li J, Szabova A. Ultrasound-Guided Nerve Blocks in the Head and Neck for Chronic Pain Management: The Anatomy, Sonoanatomy, and Procedure. Pain Physician. 2021 Dec. 24 (8):533-548. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Petrone G, Rossi ED, Gallus R, et al. Utility of ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology in assessing malignancy in head and neck pathology. Cytopathology. 2021 Jul. 32 (4):407-415. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Cuenca-Jimenez T, Chia Z, Desai A, et al. The diagnostic performance of ultrasound-guided core biopsy in the diagnosis of head and neck lymphoma: results in 226 patients. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2021 Apr. 50 (4):431-436. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. [Guideline] AIUM practice guideline for the performance of ultrasound examinations of the head and neck. J Ultrasound Med. 2014 Feb. 33 (2):366-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

8. Todsen T, Ewertsen C, Jenssen C, Evans R, Kuenzel J. Head and Neck Ultrasound - EFSUMB Training Recommendations for the Practice of Medical Ultrasound in Europe. Ultrasound Int Open. 2022 Jan. 8 (1):E29-E34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Goncalves M, Mantsopoulos K, Schapher M, Iro H, Koch M. Ultrasound in the diagnosis of parotid duct obstruction not caused by sialolithiasis: diagnostic value in reference to direct visualization with sialendoscopy. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2020 Oct 8. 20200261. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. [Guideline] AIUM Practice Parameter for Documentation of an Ultrasound Examination. J Ultrasound Med. 2020 Jan. 39 (1):E1-E4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

11. Argyropoulou MI. Brain lesions in preterm infants: initial diagnosis and follow-up. Pediatr Radiol. 2010 Jun. 40(6):811-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Alexander LF, Patel NJ, Caserta MP, Robbin ML. Thyroid Ultrasound: Diffuse and Nodular Disease. Radiol Clin North Am. 2020 Nov. 58 (6):1041-1057. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Mistry R, Hillyar C, Nibber A, Sooriyamoorthy T, Kumar N. Ultrasound Classification of Thyroid Nodules: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2020 Mar 11. 12 (3):e7239. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Trimboli P, Castellana M, Virili C, et al. Performance of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in assessing thyroid nodules: a systematic review and meta-analysis using histological standard of reference. Radiol Med. 2020 Apr. 125 (4):406-415. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. [Guideline] Russ G, Bonnema SJ, Erdogan MF, Durante C, Ngu R, Leenhardt L. European Thyroid Association Guidelines for Ultrasound Malignancy Risk Stratification of Thyroid Nodules in Adults: The EU-TIRADS. Eur Thyroid J. 2017 Sep. 6 (5):225-237. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Dighe M, Barr R, Bojunga J, et al. Thyroid Ultrasound: State of the Art. Part 2 - Focal Thyroid Lesions. Med Ultrason. 2017 Apr 22. 19 (2):195-210. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Dighe M, Barr R, Bojunga J, et al. Thyroid Ultrasound: State of the Art Part 1 - Thyroid Ultrasound reporting and Diffuse Thyroid Diseases. Med Ultrason. 2017 Jan 31. 19 (1):79-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. [Guideline] Cosgrove D, Barr R, Bojunga J, et al. WFUMB Guidelines and Recommendations on the Clinical Use of Ultrasound Elastography: Part 4. Thyroid. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2017 Jan. 43 (1):4-26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Ng SC, Kuo SF, Hua CC, Huang BY, Chiang KC, Chu YY, et al. Differentiation of the Follicular Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma From Classic Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: An Ultrasound Analysis and Complement to Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology. J Ultrasound Med. 2018 Mar. 37 (3):667-674. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Ogle S, Merz A, Parina R, Alsayed M, Milas M. Ultrasound and the Evaluation of Pediatric Thyroid Malignancy: Current Recommendations for Diagnosis and Follow-up. J Ultrasound Med. 2018 Mar 25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Sheth S. Role of ultrasonography in thyroid disease. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2010 Apr. 43(2):239-55, vii. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Bomeli SR, LeBeau SO, Ferris RL. Evaluation of a thyroid nodule. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2010 Apr. 43(2):229-38, vii. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

23. Miccoli P, Minuto MN, Orlandini C, Galleri D, Massi M, Berti P. Ultrasonography estimated thyroid volume: a prospective study about its reliability. Thyroid. 2006 Jan. 16(1):37-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Shin JJ, Grillo HC, Mathisen D, et al. The surgical management of goiter: Part I. Preoperative evaluation. Laryngoscope. 2011 Jan. 121(1):60-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. McQueen AS, Bhatia KS. Head and neck ultrasound: technical advances, novel applications and the role of elastography. Clin Radiol. 2018 Jan. 73 (1):81-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

26. Rago T, Vitti P. Role of thyroid ultrasound in the diagnostic evaluation of thyroid nodules. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Dec. 22(6):913-28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Cuenca-Jimenez T, Chia Z, Desai A, et al. The diagnostic performance of ultrasound-guided core biopsy in the diagnosis of head and neck lymphoma: results in 226 patients. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2020 Jul 29. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Babcock DS. Thyroid disease in the pediatric patient: emphasizing imaging with sonography. Pediatr Radiol. 2006 Apr. 36(4):299-308, quiz 372-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Corvino A, Pignata S, Campanino MR, et al. Thyroglossal duct cysts and site-specific differential diagnoses: imaging findings with emphasis on ultrasound assessment. J Ultrasound. 2020 Jun. 23 (2):139-149. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Vassallo P, Wernecke K, Roos N, Peters PE. Differentiation of benign from malignant superficial lymphadenopathy: the role of high-resolution US. Radiology. 1992 Apr. 183(1):215-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Delorme S. [Sonography of enlarged cervical lymph nodes]. Bildgebung. 1993 Dec. 60(4):267-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Eichhorn T, Schroeder HG. Ultrasound in metastatic neck disease. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 1993 Sep-Oct. 55(5):258-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Zhang L, Zhou W, Zhan W. Role of ultrasound in the assessment of percutaneous laser ablation of cervical metastatic lymph nodes from thyroid carcinoma. Acta Radiol. 2018 Apr. 59 (4):434-440. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Stern S, Tzelnick S, Mizrachi A, Cohen M, Shpitzer T, Bachar G. Accuracy of Neck Ultrasonography in Predicting the Size and Location of Parathyroid Adenomas. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2018 Dec. 159 (6):968-972. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Fakhran S, Branstetter BF 4th, Pryma DA. Parathyroid imaging. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2008 Aug. 18(3):537-49, ix. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Lee YY, Wong KT, King AD, Ahuja AT. Imaging of salivary gland tumours. Eur J Radiol. 2008 Jun. 66(3):419-36. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Pirri C, Fede C, Fan C, et al. Ultrasound Imaging of Head/Neck Muscles and Their Fasciae: An Observational Study. Front Rehabil Sci. 2021. 2:743553. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Kim MW, Kim DW, Jung HS, et al. Factors Influencing the Outcome of Ultrasound-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration for Salivary Gland Lesion Diagnosis. J Ultrasound Med. 2016 May. 35 (5):877-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Sodhi KS, Bartlett M, Prabhu NK. Role of high resolution ultrasound in parotid lesions in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2011 Aug 2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Mantsopoulos K, Tschaikowsky N, Goncalves M, Mueller SK, Iro H. Evaluation of preoperative Ultrasonography in the Differentiation between Superficial and Deep Parotid Gland Tumors. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2020 Aug. 46 (8):2099-2103. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. David E, Cantisani V, De Vincentiis M, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the evaluation of parotid gland lesions: an update of the literature. Ultrasound. 2016 May. 24 (2):104-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Pabst G, Strobel K, Zehnder J. The value of the twinkling artefact for the diagnosis of sialolithiasis of the large salivary glands. J Laryngol Otol. 2018 Feb. 132 (2):162-167. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Zevallos JP, Hartman CM, Kramer JR, Sturgis EM, Chiao EY. Increased thyroid cancer incidence corresponds to increased use of thyroid ultrasound and fine-needle aspiration: a study of the Veterans Affairs health care system. Cancer. 2015 Mar 1. 121 (5):741-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Ito Y, Amino N, Miyauchi A. Thyroid ultrasonography. World J Surg. 2010 Jun. 34(6):1171-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Puhakka T, Heikkinen T, Makela MJ,. Validity of ultrasonography in diagnosis of acute maxillary sinusitis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000 Dec. 126(12):1482-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Engels EA, Terrin N, Barza M, Lau J. Meta-analysis of diagnostic tests for acute sinusitis. J Clin Epidemiol. 2000 Aug. 53(8):852-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Varonen H, Makela M, Savolainen S, Laara E, Hilden J. Comparison of ultrasound, radiography, and clinical examination in the diagnosis of acute maxillary sinusitis: a systematic review. J Clin Epidemiol. 2000 Sep. 53(9):940-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Baskin, H.J. Thyroid. 2004. 14:2.

49. Göksu E, Sayraç V, Oktay C, Kartal M, Akcimen M. How stylet use can effect confirmation of endotracheal tube position using ultrasound. Am J Emerg Med. 2010 Jan. 28(1):32-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Howlett DC. High resolution ultrasound assessment of the parotid gland. Br J Radiol. 2003 Apr. 76(904):271-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Howlett DC, Alyas F, Wong KT, Lewis K, Williams M, Moody AB. Sonographic assessment of the submandibular space. Clin Radiol. 2004 Dec. 59(12):1070-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Werner SL, Smith CE, Goldstein JR, Jones RA, Cydulka RK. Pilot study to evaluate the accuracy of ultrasonography in confirming endotracheal tube placement. Ann Emerg Med. 2007 Jan. 49(1):75-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Wong, KT, Ahuja, AT, Yuen, HY, et al. Ultrasound of salivary glands. ASUM Ultrasound bulletin. 2003. 6(3):18-22.

54. Yuan WH, Hsu HC, Chou YH, Hsueh HC, Tseng TK, Tiu CM. Gray-scale and color Doppler ultrasonographic features of pleomorphic adenoma and Warthin's tumor in major salivary glands. Clin Imaging. 2009 Sep-Oct. 33(5):348-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Todsen T, Melchiors J, Larsen KD, Charabi B, von Buchwald C. Head and neck ultrasound examination. Ugeskr Laeger. 2021 Feb 15. 183(7):V09200663.:[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. A Bozzato, C Neubert, Y Yeter. Ultrasound-guided minimally invasive diagnostics and treatment in the head and neck area. HNO. 2021 Feb. 69(2):157-168. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

Javed Ahmad, MBBS Consultant Radiologist, Abdominal Section, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Saudi Arabia

Javed Ahmad, MBBS is a member of the following medical societies: American Roentgen Ray Society, European Society of Radiology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Fazal Hussain, MD, MPH Associate Professor, Alfaisal University College of Medicine, Saudi Arabia

Fazal Hussain, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: Aerospace Medical Association, American Academy of Pharmaceutical Physicians, American College of Radiation Oncology, American College of Radiology, American Public Health Association, American Society for Radiation Oncology, The Society of Federal Health Professionals (AMSUS), International College of Surgeons, New York State Radiological Society, Radiation Research Society, Royal Society for Public Health, Society of Clinical Research Associates

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mahan Mathur, MD Assistant Professor of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine; Director, Medical Student Education, Associate Director, Diagnostic Radiology Residency Program, Yale-New Haven Hospital

Mahan Mathur, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Radiology, American Roentgen Ray Society, Radiological Society of North America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Laleh Gharahbaghian, MD, FACEP, FAAEM Clinical Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine, Medical Director, Adult Emergency Medicine, Patient Safety Champion, Emergency Medicine, Stanford HealthCare, Director Emeritus, Emergency Ultrasound Program, Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center and Stanford University School of Medicine

Laleh Gharahbaghian, MD, FACEP, FAAEM is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant or trustee for: Exo Imaging.

David L Francis, MD Fellow in Emergency Ultrasound, Clinical Instructor, Division of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center; Director, Point-of-Care Ultrasound Rocky Mountain Emergency Physicians

David L Francis, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, Medical Society of the State of New York, Emergency Medicine Residents' Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Yuemi An-Grogan, MD Resident Physician, Division of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center

Yuemi An-Grogan, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, Emergency Medicine Residents' Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Gowthaman Gunabushanam, MD, FRCR Assistant Professor, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine

Gowthaman Gunabushanam, MD, FRCR is a member of the following medical societies: American Roentgen Ray Society, Connecticut State Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medscape Reference thanks David L Francis, MD, Fellow in Emergency Ultrasound, Clinical Instructor, Division of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, for assistance with the video contribution to this article.

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article