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Burt Cagir, MD, FACS Associate Regional Dean and Professor of Surgery, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine; Director, General Surgery Residency Program, Executive Director, Donald Guthrie Foundation for Research and Education, Guthrie Robert Packer Hospital; Medical Director, Guthrie/RPH Skills and Simulation Lab; Associate in Surgery, Guthrie Robert Packer Hospital and Corning Hospital

Burt Cagir, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, Association of Program Directors in Surgery, Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Andres Fleury, MD Clinical Assistant Instructor, Department of Surgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University; Resident, Department of Surgery, Robert Packer Hospital

Andres Fleury, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, National Hispanic Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michel M Murr, MD Professor, Department of Surgery, Director of Bariatric Surgery, University of South Florida

Michel M Murr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, Americas Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association, American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, Association for Academic Surgery, International College of Surgeons US Section, Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, Southeastern Surgical Congress

Disclosure: Received consulting fee from Covidien for consulting.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

David L Morris, MD, PhD, FRACS Professor, Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Australia

David L Morris, MD, PhD, FRACS is a member of the following medical societies: British Society of Gastroenterology

Disclosure: Received none from RFA Medical for director; Received none from MRC Biotec for director.

John Geibel, MD, MSc, DSc, AGAF Vice Chair and Professor, Department of Surgery, Section of Gastrointestinal Medicine, Professor, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine; Director of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Yale-New Haven Hospital; American Gastroenterological Association Fellow; Fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine

John Geibel, MD, MSc, DSc, AGAF is a member of the following medical societies: American Gastroenterological Association, American Physiological Society, American Society of Nephrology, Association for Academic Surgery, International Society of Nephrology, New York Academy of Sciences, Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

To my wife, Mariana, for her support and to my two angels, Diego and Sofia, for their patience.

The authors and editors of Medscape Reference gratefully acknowledge the contributions of previous author, Carol E H Scott-Conner, MD, PhD, to the development and writing of this article.

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