Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT) Questions & Answers

1. Tapson VF. Acute pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med. 2008 Mar 6. 358(10):1037-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Haeger K. Problems of acute deep venous thrombosis. I. The interpretation of signs and symptoms. Angiology. 1969 Apr. 20(4):219-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. McLachlin J, Richards T, Paterson JC. An evaluation of clinical signs in the diagnosis of venous thrombosis. Arch Surg. 1962 Nov. 85:738-44. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Meignan M, Rosso J, Gauthier H, et al. Systematic lung scans reveal a high frequency of silent pulmonary embolism in patients with proximal deep venous thrombosis. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Jan 24. 160(2):159-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. [Guideline] Snow V, Qaseem A, Barry P, et al. Management of venous thromboembolism: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Academy of Family Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2007 Feb 6. 146(3):204-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Buller HR, Ten Cate-Hoek AJ, Hoes AW, et al. Safely ruling out deep venous thrombosis in primary care. Ann Intern Med. 2009 Feb 17. 150(4):229-35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Bauersachs R, Berkowitz SD, Brenner B, et al. Oral rivaroxaban for symptomatic venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2010 Dec 23. 363(26):2499-510. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

8. Buller HR, Prins MH, Lensin AW, et al. Oral rivaroxaban for the treatment of symptomatic pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med. 2012 Apr 5. 366(14):1287-97. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

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10. Jaff MR, McMurtry MS, Archer SL, et al. Management of massive and submassive pulmonary embolism, iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis, and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2011 Apr 26. 123(16):1788-830. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Silverstein MD, Heit JA, Mohr DN, Petterson TM, O'Fallon WM, Melton LJ 3rd. Trends in the incidence of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a 25-year population-based study. Arch Intern Med. 1998 Mar 23. 158(6):585-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Useche JN, de Castro AM, Galvis GE, Mantilla RA, Ariza A. Use of US in the evaluation of patients with symptoms of deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremities. Radiographics. 2008 Oct. 28(6):1785-97. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Chang R, Chen CC, Kam A, Mao E, Shawker TH, Horne MK 3rd. Deep vein thrombosis of lower extremity: direct intraclot injection of alteplase once daily with systemic anticoagulation--results of pilot study. Radiology. 2008 Feb. 246(2):619-29. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Biuckians A, Meier GH 3rd. Treatment of symptomatic lower extremity acute deep venous thrombosis: role of mechanical thrombectomy. Vascular. 2007 Sep-Oct. 15(5):297-303. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Li W, Salanitri J, Tutton S, et al. Lower extremity deep venous thrombosis: evaluation with ferumoxytol-enhanced MR imaging and dual-contrast mechanism--preliminary experience. Radiology. 2007 Mar. 242(3):873-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Kakkos SK, Caprini JA, Geroulakos G, Nicolaides AN, Stansby GP, Reddy DJ. Combined intermittent pneumatic leg compression and pharmacological prophylaxis for prevention of venous thromboembolism in high-risk patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Oct 8. CD005258. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Araki CT, Back TL, Padberg FT, et al. The significance of calf muscle pump function in venous ulceration. J Vasc Surg. 1994 Dec. 20(6):872-7; discussion 878-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Wakefield TW, Strieter RM, Schaub R, et al. Venous thrombosis prophylaxis by inflammatory inhibition without anticoagulation therapy. J Vasc Surg. 2000 Feb. 31(2):309-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Wakefield TW, Proctor MC. Current status of pulmonary embolism and venous thrombosis prophylaxis. Semin Vasc Surg. 2000 Sep. 13(3):171-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Gibbs NM. Venous thrombosis of the lower limbs with particular reference to bed-rest. Br J Surg. 1957 Nov. 45(191):209-36. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Sevitt S. The structure and growth of valve-pocket thrombi in femoral veins. J Clin Pathol. 1974 Jul. 27(7):517-28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

22. Aronson DL, Thomas DP. Experimental studies on venous thrombosis: effect of coagulants, procoagulants and vessel contusion. Thromb Haemost. 1985 Dec 17. 54(4):866-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Wessler S, Reimer SM, Sheps MC. Biologic assay of a thrombosis-inducing activity in human serum. J Appl Physiol. 1959 Nov. 14:943-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Sevitt S. The mechanisms of canalisation in deep vein thrombosis. J Pathol. 1973 Jun. 110(2):153-65. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Gandhi RH, Irizarry E, Nackman GB, Halpern VJ, Mulcare RJ, Tilson MD. Analysis of the connective tissue matrix and proteolytic activity of primary varicose veins. J Vasc Surg. 1993 Nov. 18(5):814-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Rizzi A, Quaglio D, Vasquez G, et al. Effects of vasoactive agents in healthy and diseased human saphenous veins. J Vasc Surg. 1998 Nov. 28(5):855-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Monreal M, Martorell A, Callejas JM, et al. Venographic assessment of deep vein thrombosis and risk of developing post-thrombotic syndrome: a prospective study. J Intern Med. 1993 Mar. 233(3):233-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Strandness DE Jr, Langlois Y, Cramer M, Randlett A, Thiele BL. Long-term sequelae of acute venous thrombosis. JAMA. 1983 Sep 9. 250(10):1289-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Prandoni P, Lensing AW, Cogo A, et al. The long-term clinical course of acute deep venous thrombosis. Ann Intern Med. 1996 Jul 1. 125(1):1-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Meissner MH, Caps MT, Zierler BK, Bergelin RO, Manzo RA, Strandness DE Jr. Deep venous thrombosis and superficial venous reflux. J Vasc Surg. 2000 Jul. 32(1):48-56. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Meissner MH, Caps MT, Zierler BK, et al. Determinants of chronic venous disease after acute deep venous thrombosis. J Vasc Surg. 1998 Nov. 28(5):826-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Meissner MH, Manzo RA, Bergelin RO, Markel A, Strandness DE Jr. Deep venous insufficiency: the relationship between lysis and subsequent reflux. J Vasc Surg. 1993 Oct. 18(4):596-605; discussion 606-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Caps MT, Manzo RA, Bergelin RO, Meissner MH, Strandness DE Jr. Venous valvular reflux in veins not involved at the time of acute deep vein thrombosis. J Vasc Surg. 1995 Nov. 22(5):524-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Johnson BF, Manzo RA, Bergelin RO, Strandness DE Jr. Relationship between changes in the deep venous system and the development of the postthrombotic syndrome after an acute episode of lower limb deep vein thrombosis: a one- to six-year follow-up. J Vasc Surg. 1995 Feb. 21(2):307-12; discussion 313. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Johnson BF, Manzo RA, Bergelin RO, Strandness DE Jr. The site of residual abnormalities in the leg veins in long-term follow-up after deep vein thrombosis and their relationship to the development of the post-thrombotic syndrome. Int Angiol. 1996 Mar. 15(1):14-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Haenen JH, Wollersheim H, Janssen MC, et al. Evolution of deep venous thrombosis: a 2-year follow-up using duplex ultrasound scan and strain-gauge plethysmography. J Vasc Surg. 2001 Oct. 34(4):649-55. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Andriopoulos A, Wirsing P, Botticher R. Results of iliofemoral venous thrombectomy after acute thrombosis: report on 165 cases. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 1982 Mar-Apr. 23(2):123-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Zheng Y, Zhou B, Pu X. [Frequency of protein C polymorphisms in Chinese population and thrombotic patients]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 1998 Mar. 78(3):210-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Juhan C, Alimi Y, Di Mauro P, Hartung O. Surgical venous thrombectomy. Cardiovasc Surg. 1999 Oct. 7(6):586-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Saarinen J, Kallio T, Lehto M, Hiltunen S, Sisto T. The occurrence of the post-thrombotic changes after an acute deep venous thrombosis. A prospective two-year follow-up study. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 2000 Jun. 41(3):441-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Elliott G. Thrombolytic therapy for venous thromboembolism. Curr Opin Hematol. 1999 Sep. 6(5):304-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Baker WF Jr. Diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Med Clin North Am. 1998 May. 82(3):459-76. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Henriksen O, Sejrsen P. Effect of "vein pump" activation upon venous pressure and blood flow in human subcutaneous tissue. Acta Physiol Scand. 1977 May. 100(1):14-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Kearon C. Initial treatment of venous thromboembolism. Thromb Haemost. 1999 Aug. 82(2):887-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Kakkar VV, Howes J, Sharma V, Kadziola Z. A comparative double-blind, randomised trial of a new second generation LMWH (bemiparin) and UFH in the prevention of post-operative venous thromboembolism. The Bemiparin Assessment group. Thromb Haemost. 2000 Apr. 83(4):523-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Heit JA, Mohr DN, Silverstein MD, Petterson TM, O'Fallon WM, Melton LJ 3rd. Predictors of recurrence after deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a population-based cohort study. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Mar 27. 160(6):761-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Stein PD. Silent pulmonary embolism. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Jan 24. 160(2):145-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Lewandowski A, Syska-Suminska J, Dluzniewski M. [Pulmonary embolism suspicion in a young female patient with the Paget-von Schrötter syndrome]. Kardiol Pol. 2008 Sep. 66(9):969-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Acharya G, Singh K, Hansen JB, Kumar S, Maltau JM. Catheter-directed thrombolysis for the management of postpartum deep venous thrombosis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2005 Feb. 84(2):155-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Baarslag HJ, Koopman MM, Hutten BA, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with suspected deep vein thrombosis of the upper extremity: survival, risk factors and post-thrombotic syndrome. Eur J Intern Med. 2004 Dec. 15(8):503-507. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Joffe HV, Kucher N, Tapson VF, Goldhaber SZ. Upper-extremity deep vein thrombosis: a prospective registry of 592 patients. Circulation. 2004 Sep 21. 110(12):1605-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Martinelli I, Battaglioli T, Bucciarelli P, Passamonti SM, Mannucci PM. Risk factors and recurrence rate of primary deep vein thrombosis of the upper extremities. Circulation. 2004 Aug 3. 110(5):566-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Beyth RJ, Cohen AM, Landefeld CS. Long-term outcomes of deep-vein thrombosis. Arch Intern Med. 1995 May 22. 155(10):1031-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Kistner RL, Ball JJ, Nordyke RA, Freeman GC. Incidence of pulmonary embolism in the course of thrombophlebitis of the lower extremities. Am J Surg. 1972 Aug. 124(2):169-76. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Havig O. Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. An autopsy study with multiple regression analysis of possible risk factors. Acta Chir Scand Suppl. 1977. 478:1-120. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Higdon ML, Higdon JA. Treatment of oncologic emergencies. Am Fam Physician. 2006 Dec 1. 74 (11):1873-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Guijarro Escribano JF, Anton RF, Colmenarejo Rubio A, et al. Superior vena cava syndrome with central venous catheter for chemotherapy treated successfully with fibrinolysis. Clin Transl Oncol. 2007 Mar. 9 (3):198-200. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Baltayiannis N, Magoulas D, Anagnostopoulos D, et al. Percutaneous stent placement in malignant cases of superior vena cava syndrome. J BUON. 2005 Jul-Sep. 10 (3):377-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. Urruticoechea A, Mesia R, Dominguez J, et al. Treatment of malignant superior vena cava syndrome by endovascular stent insertion. Experience on 52 patients with lung cancer. Lung Cancer. 2004 Feb. 43 (2):209-14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

60. Satoh K, Satoh T, Yaoita N, Shimokawa H. Recent advances in the understanding of thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2019 Jun. 39 (6):e159-65. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

61. Arfvidsson B, Eklof B, Kistner RL, Masuda EM, Sato DT. Risk factors for venous thromboembolism following prolonged air travel. Coach class thrombosis. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2000 Apr. 14(2):391-400, ix. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

62. Slipman CW, Lipetz JS, Jackson HB, Vresilovic EJ. Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism as a complication of bed rest for low back pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000 Jan. 81(1):127-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

63. Ruggeri M, Tosetto A, Castaman G, Rodeghiero F. Congenital absence of the inferior vena cava: a rare risk factor for idiopathic deep-vein thrombosis. Lancet. 2001 Feb 10. 357(9254):441. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

64. Hamoud S, Nitecky S, Engel A, Goldsher D, Hayek T. Hypoplasia of the inferior vena cava with azygous continuation presenting as recurrent leg deep vein thrombosis. Am J Med Sci. 2000 Jun. 319(6):414-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

65. Greenfield LJ, Proctor MC. The percutaneous Greenfield filter: outcomes and practice patterns. J Vasc Surg. 2000 Nov. 32(5):888-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

66. Tsuji Y, Goto A, Hara I, et al. Renal cell carcinoma with extension of tumor thrombus into the vena cava: surgical strategy and prognosis. J Vasc Surg. 2001 Apr. 33(4):789-96. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

67. Stamatakis JD, Kakkar VV, Sagar S, Lawrence D, Nairn D, Bentley PG. Femoral vein thrombosis and total hip replacement. Br Med J. 1977 Jul 23. 2(6081):223-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

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69. Chopra V, Anand S, Hickner A, et al. Risk of venous thromboembolism associated with peripherally inserted central catheters: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2013 Jul 27. 382(9889):311-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

70. Alikhan R, Cohen AT, Combe S, et al. Risk factors for venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with acute medical illness: analysis of the MEDENOX Study. Arch Intern Med. 2004 May 10. 164(9):963-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

71. Heit JA, Elliott CG, Trowbridge AA, Morrey BF, Gent M, Hirsh J. Ardeparin sodium for extended out-of-hospital prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism after total hip or knee replacement. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2000 Jun 6. 132(11):853-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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73. Nordstrom M, Lindblad B, Bergqvist D, Kjellstrom T. A prospective study of the incidence of deep-vein thrombosis within a defined urban population. J Intern Med. 1992 Aug. 232(2):155-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

74. Dahlback B. Inherited thrombophilia: resistance to activated protein C as a pathogenic factor of venous thromboembolism. Blood. 1995 Feb 1. 85(3):607-14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

75. Anderson FA Jr, Wheeler HB, Goldberg RJ, Hosmer DW, Forcier A. The prevalence of risk factors for venous thromboembolism among hospital patients. Arch Intern Med. 1992 Aug. 152(8):1660-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

76. Warlow C, Ogston D, Douglas AS. Deep venous thrombosis of the legs after strokes. Part I--incidence and predisposing factors. Br Med J. 1976 May 15. 1(6019):1178-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

77. Monreal M, Lafoz E, Casals A, et al. Occult cancer in patients with deep venous thrombosis. A systematic approach. Cancer. 1991 Jan 15. 67(2):541-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

78. Rickles FR, Levine M, Edwards RL. Hemostatic alterations in cancer patients. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 1992 Nov. 11(3-4):237-48. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

79. Levine MN, Gent M, Hirsh J, et al. The thrombogenic effect of anticancer drug therapy in women with stage II breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 1988 Feb 18. 318(7):404-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

80. Clagett GP, Reisch JS. Prevention of venous thromboembolism in general surgical patients. Results of meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 1988 Aug. 208(2):227-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

81. Clagett GP, Anderson FA Jr, Heit J, Levine MN, Wheeler HB. Prevention of venous thromboembolism. Chest. 1995 Oct. 108(4 Suppl):312S-334S. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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83. Kakkar VV, Howe CT, Nicolaides AN, Renney JT, Clarke MB. Deep vein thrombosis of the leg. Is there a "high risk" group?. Am J Surg. 1970 Oct. 120(4):527-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

84. Dahlback B. Inherited thrombophilia: resistance to activated protein C as a pathogenic factor of venous thromboembolism. Blood. 1995 Feb 1. 85(3):607-14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

85. Motykie GD, Caprini JA, Arcelus JI, et al. Risk factor assessment in the management of patients with suspected deep venous thrombosis. Int Angiol. 2000 Mar. 19(1):47-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

86. Motykie GD, Zebala LP, Caprini JA, et al. A guide to venous thromboembolism risk factor assessment. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2000 Apr. 9(3):253-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

87. Schafer AI. Hypercoagulable states: molecular genetics to clinical practice. Lancet. 1994 Dec 24-31. 344(8939-8940):1739-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

88. Meissner MH, Strandness E. Pathophysiology and natural history of acute deep venous thrombosis, Rutherford’s Vascular Surgery. 2005. 2124-2142.

89. Ho CH, Chau WK, Hsu HC, Gau JP, Yu TJ. Causes of venous thrombosis in fifty Chinese patients. Am J Hematol. 2000 Feb. 63(2):74-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

90. Vandenbrouke JP, Bloemenkamp KW, Rosendaal FR, Helmerhorst FM. Incidence of venous thromboembolism in users of combined oral contraceptives. Risk is particularly high with first use of oral contraceptives. BMJ. 2000 Jan 1. 320(7226):57-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

91. Cushman M, Tsai AW, White RH, et al. Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in two cohorts: the longitudinal investigation of thromboembolism etiology. Am J Med. 2004 Jul 1. 117(1):19-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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93. Sevitt S, Gallagher N. Venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. A clinico-pathological study in injured and burned patients. Br J Surg. 1961 Mar. 48:475-89. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

94. Gorman WP, Davis KR, Donnelly R. ABC of arterial and venous disease. Swollen lower limb-1: general assessment and deep vein thrombosis. BMJ. 2000 May 27. 320(7247):1453-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

95. Martinelli I, Lensing AW, Middeldorp S, et al. Recurrent venous thromboembolism and abnormal uterine bleeding with anticoagulant and hormone therapy use. Blood. 2015 Dec 22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

96. Kearon C, Crowther M, Hirsh J. Management of patients with hereditary hypercoagulable disorders. Annu Rev Med. 2000. 51:169-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

97. Prandoni P, Mannucci PM. Deep-vein thrombosis of the lower limbs: diagnosis and management. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 1999 Sep. 12(3):533-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

98. Rathbun SW, Raskob GE, Whitsett TL. Sensitivity and specificity of helical computed tomography in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2000 Feb 1. 132(3):227-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

99. Goldhaber SZ. Diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis. Clin Cornerstone. 2000. 2(4):29-37. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

100. Signorelli SS, Valerio F, Davide C, et al. Evaluating the potential of routine blood tests to identify the risk of deep vein thrombosis: a 1-year monocenter cohort study. Angiology. 2017 Aug. 68 (7):592-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

101. Lensing AW. Anticoagulation in acute ischaemic stroke: deep vein thrombosis prevention and long-term stroke outcomes. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 1999 Aug. 10 Suppl 2:S123-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

102. Lensing AW, Prins MH. Recurrent deep vein thrombosis and two coagulation factor gene mutations: quo vadis?. Thromb Haemost. 1999 Dec. 82(6):1564-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

103. Kleinjan A, Di Nisio M, Beyer-Westendorf J, et al. Safety and feasibility of a diagnostic algorithm combining clinical probability, d-dimer testing, and ultrasonography for suspected upper extremity deep venous thrombosis: a prospective management study. Ann Intern Med. 2014 Apr 1. 160(7):451-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

104. Deitelzweig S, Jaff MR. Medical management of venous thromboembolic disease. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 2004 Jun. 7(2):63-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

105. McGarry LJ, Stokes ME, Thompson D. Outcomes of thromboprophylaxis with enoxaparin vs. unfractionated heparin in medical inpatients. Thromb J. 2006 Sep 27. 4:17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

106. Cosmi B, Palareti G. D-dimer, oral anticoagulation, and venous thromboembolism recurrence. Semin Vasc Med. 2005 Nov. 5(4):365-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

107. Linkins LA, Bates SM, Lang E, et al. Selective D-dimer testing for diagnosis of a first suspected episode of deep venous thrombosis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2013 Jan 15. 158(2):93-100. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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109. Perrier A, Desmarais S, Miron MJ, et al. Non-invasive diagnosis of venous thromboembolism in outpatients. Lancet. 1999 Jan 16. 353(9148):190-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

110. Wells PS, Anderson DR, Rodger M, et al. Evaluation of D-dimer in the diagnosis of suspected deep-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med. 2003 Sep 25. 349(13):1227-35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

111. Nakamura M, Yamada N, Oda E, et al. Predictors of venous thromboembolism recurrence and the bleeding events identified using a Japanese healthcare database. J Cardiol. 2017 Aug. 70 (2):155-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

112. Ita K. Transdermal delivery of heparin: Physical enhancement techniques. Int J Pharm. 2015 Dec 30. 496 (2):240-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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114. Tromeur C, Van Der Pol LM, Couturaud F, Klok FA, Huisman MV. Therapeutic management of acute pulmonary embolism. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2017 Aug. 11 (8):641-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

115. van der Hulle T, Dronkers CE, Klok FA, Huisman MV. Recent developments in the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary embolism. J Intern Med. 2016 Jan. 279 (1):16-29. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

116. Park J, Byun Y. Recent advances in anticoagulant drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2015 Dec 23. 1-14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

117. Kabuki T, Nakanishi R, Hisatake S, et al. A treatment strategy using subcutaneous fondaparinux followed by oral rivaroxaban is effective for treating acute venous thromboembolism. J Cardiol. 2017 Aug. 70 (2):163-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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119. Cohen AT, Dobromirski M. The use of rivaroxaban for short- and long-term treatment of venous thromboembolism. Thromb Haemost. 2012 Jun. 107(6):1035-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

120. Romualdi E, Donadini MP, Ageno W. Oral rivaroxaban after symptomatic venous thromboembolism: the continued treatment study (EINSTEIN-extension study). Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2011 Jul. 9(7):841-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

121. Raskob GE, Gallus AS, Pineo GF, et al. Apixaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after hip or knee replacement: pooled analysis of major venous thromboembolism and bleeding in 8464 patients from the ADVANCE-2 and ADVANCE-3 trials. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2012 Feb. 94(2):257-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

122. Lassen MR, Gallus A, Raskob GE, Pineo G, Chen D, Ramirez LM. Apixaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after hip replacement. N Engl J Med. 2010 Dec 23. 363(26):2487-98. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

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125. Agnelli G, Buller HR, Cohen A, et al, for the AMPLIFY Investigators. Oral apixaban for the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2013 Aug 29. 369 (9):799-808. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

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Kaushal (Kevin) Patel, MD Vascular Surgeon, Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Linda Jun Chun, MD Vascular and Endovascular Surgeon, Kaiser Permanente, Los Angeles Medical Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Barry E Brenner, MD, PhD, FACEP Program Director, Emergency Medicine, Einstein Medical Center Montgomery

Barry E Brenner, MD, PhD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Heart Association, American Thoracic Society, New York Academy of Medicine, New York Academy of Sciences, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Jason S Chang, MD Clinical Instructor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center

Jason S Chang, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, Emergency Medicine Residents' Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Marc D Basson, MD, PhD, MBA, FACS Professor, Chair, Department of Surgery, Assistant Dean for Faculty Development in Research, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine

Marc D Basson, MD, PhD, MBA, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Surgeons, American Gastroenterological Association, Phi Beta Kappa, and Sigma Xi

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

John J Borsa, MD Consulting Staff, Department of Radiology, St Joseph Medical Center

John J Borsa, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Radiology, American Society of Neuroradiology, Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe, Radiological Society of North America, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, and Society of Interventional Radiology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Hearns W Charles, MD Assistant Professor of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine; Attending Physician, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, New York University Medical Center

Hearns W Charles, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Radiology, American Roentgen Ray Society, Radiological Society of North America, and Society of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Kyung J Cho, MD, FACR William Martel Professor of Radiology, Interventional Radiology Fellowship Director, University of Michigan Health System

Kyung J Cho, MD, FACR is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Radiology, American Heart Association, American Medical Association, American Roentgen Ray Society, Association of University Radiologists, and Radiological Society of North America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Douglas M Coldwell, MD, PhD Professor of Radiology, Director, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine

Douglas M Coldwell, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Cancer Research, American College of Radiology, American Heart Association, American Physical Society, American Roentgen Ray Society, Society of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Southwest Oncology Group, and Special Operations Medical Association

Disclosure: Sirtex, Inc. Consulting fee Speaking and teaching; DFINE, Inc. Honoraria Consulting

Francis Counselman, MD, FACEP Chair, Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School

Francis Counselman, MD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Emergency Physicians, Association of Academic Chairs of Emergency Medicine (AACEM), Norfolk Academy of Medicine, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Paul E Di Cesare, MD, FACS Professor and Chair, Department of Orthopedic Sugery, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine

Paul E Di Cesare, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American College of Surgeons, and Sigma Xi

Disclosure: Stryker Consulting fee Consulting

Robert S Ennis, MD, FACS Associate Professor, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine; President, OrthoMed Consulting Services, Inc

Robert S Ennis, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American College of Surgeons, and Florida Orthopaedic Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Craig F Feied, MD, FACEP, FAAEM, FACPh Professor of Emergency Medicine, Georgetown University School of Medicine; General Manager, Microsoft Enterprise Health Solutions Group

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Luis G Fernandez, MD, KHS, FACS, FASAS, FCCP, FCCM, FICS Assistant Clinical Professor of Surgery and Family Practice, University of Texas Health Science Center; Adjunct Clinical Professor of Medicine and Nursing, University of Texas, Arlington; Chairman, Division of Trauma Surgery and Surgical Critical Care, Chief of Trauma Surgical Critical Care Unit, Trinity Mother Francis Health System; Brigadier General, Texas Medical Rangers, TXSG/MB

Luis G Fernandez, MD, KHS, FACS, FASAS, FCCP, FCCM, FICS is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Surgery of Trauma, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Legal Medicine, American College of Surgeons, American Society of Abdominal Surgeons, American Society of General Surgeons, American Society of General Surgeons, American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics, American Trauma Society, Association for SurgicalEducation, Association of Military Surgeons of the US, Chicago Medical Society, Illinois State Medical Society, International College of Surgeons, New York Academy of Sciences, Pan American Trauma Society, Society of Critical Care Medicine, Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons, Southeastern Surgical Congress, Texas Medical Association, and Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Douglas M Geehan, MD Associate Professor, Department of Surgery, University of Missouri at Kansas City

Douglas M Geehan, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, American Medical Association, Association for Academic Surgery, Phi Beta Kappa, Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons, and Society of Critical Care Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

John Geibel, MD, DSc, MA Vice Chair and Professor, Department of Surgery, Section of Gastrointestinal Medicine, and Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine; Director, Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Yale-New Haven Hospital

John Geibel, MD, DSc, MA is a member of the following medical societies: American Gastroenterological Association, American Physiological Society, American Society of Nephrology, Association for Academic Surgery, International Society of Nephrology, New York Academy of Sciences, and Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract

Disclosure: AMGEN Royalty Consulting; ARdelyx Ownership interest Board membership

Harris Gellman, MD Consulting Surgeon, Broward Hand Center; Voluntary Clinical Professor of Orthopedic Surgery and Plastic Surgery, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Surgery, University of Miami, Leonard M Miller School of Medicine

Harris Gellman, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Medical Acupuncture, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American Orthopaedic Association, American Society for Surgery of the Hand, and Arkansas Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Craig Greben, MD Assistant Professor of Radiology, Hofstra University School of Medicine; Chief, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, North Shore University Hospital

Craig Greben, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Society of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Lars Grimm, MD, MHS House Staff, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Duke University Medical Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michael A Grosso, MD Consulting Staff, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, St Francis Hospital

Michael A Grosso, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, and Society of University Surgeons

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

George Hartnell, MBChB Professor of Radiology, Tufts University School of Medicine; Director of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Baystate Medical Center

George Hartnell, MBChB is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Cardiology, American College of Radiology, American Heart Association, Association of University Radiologists, British Institute of Radiology, British Medical Association, Massachusetts Medical Society, Radiological Society of North America, Royal College of Physicians, Royal College of Radiologists, andSociety of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Eric K Hoffer, MD Director, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Associate Professor of Radiology, Section of Angiography and Interventional Radiology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center

Eric K Hoffer, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Heart Association, Radiological Society of North America, Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Interventional Radiology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

James Quan-Yu Hwang, MD, RDMS, RDCS, FACEP Staff Physician, Emergency Department, Kaiser Permanente

James Quan-Yu Hwang, MD, RDMS, RDCS, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: 3rd Rock Ultrasound, LLC Salary Speaking and teaching; Schlesinger Associates Consulting fee Consulting; Philips Ultrasound Consulting fee Consulting

Bartholomew Kwan, MBBS, FRCPC, FRCR Staff Radiologist, Department of Medical Imaging, WOHC Brampton Civic Hospital

Bartholomew Kwan, MBBS, FRCPC, FRCR is a member of the following medical societies: American Roentgen Ray Society, Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe, Radiological Society of North America, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, Royal College of Radiologists, and Society of Interventional Radiology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

William C Manson, MD Director of Emergency Ultrasound, Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine

William C Manson, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, Emergency Medicine Residents Association, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: The Emergency Ultrasound Course Honoraria Speaking and teaching

Girish R Mood, MBBS, MD, MRCS Fellow, Department of Vascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

James Naidich, MD Residency Director, North Shore University Hospital; Professor, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Jason J Naidich, MD Assistant Professor of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine; Attending Physician, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, North Shore University Hospital

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Vincent Lopez Rowe, MD Associate Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Southern California Medical Center

Vincent Lopez Rowe, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Heart Association, Pacific Coast Surgical Association, Peripheral Vascular Surgery Society, Society for Clinical Vascular Surgery, Society for Vascular Surgery, and Western Vascular Surgical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Miguel A Schmitz, MD Consulting Surgeon, Department of Orthopedics, Klamath Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Clinic

Miguel A Schmitz, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine, Arthroscopy Association of North America, and North American Spine Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Donald Schreiber, MD, CM Associate Professor of Surgery (Emergency Medicine), Stanford University School of Medicine

Donald Schreiber, MD, CM is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians

Disclosure: Abbott Point of Care Inc Research Grant and Speakers Bureau Speaking and teaching; Nanosphere Inc Grant/research funds Research; Singulex Inc Grant/research funds Research; Abbott Diagnostics Inc Grant/research funds None

William A Schwer, MD Professor, Department of Family Medicine, Rush Medical College; Chairman, Department of Family Medicine, Rush-Presbyterian-St Luke's Medical Center

William A Schwer, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Family Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Gary Setnik, MD Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital; Assistant Professor, Division of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School

Gary Setnik, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, National Association of EMS Physicians, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: SironaHealth Salary Management position; South Middlesex EMS Consortium Salary Management position; ProceduresConsult.com Royalty Other

Gary P Siskin, MD Professor and Chairman, Department of Radiology, Albany Medical College

Gary P Siskin, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Radiology, Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe, Radiological Society of North America, and Society of Interventional Radiology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

Wai Hong Wilson Tang, MD Associate Professor of Medicine, Section of Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplantation Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation

Wai Hong Wilson Tang, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Cardiology, American Heart Association, Heart Failure Society of America, and International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation

Disclosure: Abbott Laboratories Grant/research funds Research Supplies; Medtronic Inc Consulting fee Consulting; St Jude Medical Consulting fee Consulting

Anthony Watkinson, MD Professor of Interventional Radiology, The Peninsula Medical School; Consultant and Senior Lecturer, Department of Radiology, The Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, UK

Anthony Watkinson, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Radiological Society of North America, Royal College of Radiologists, and Royal College of Surgeons of England

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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