Anorectal Abscess Questions & Answers

1. Whiteford MH. Perianal abscess/fistula disease. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2007 May. 20 (2):102-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

2. Marcus RH, Stine RJ, Cohen MA. Perirectal abscess. Ann Emerg Med. 1995 May. 25 (5):597-603. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Pfenninger JL, Zainea GG. Common anorectal conditions: Part II. Lesions. Am Fam Physician. 2001 Jul 1. 64 (1):77-88. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Rizzo JA, Naig AL, Johnson EK. Anorectal abscess and fistula-in-ano: evidence-based management. Surg Clin North Am. 2010 Feb. 90 (1):45-68, Table of Contents. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Parks AG, Gordon PH, Hardcastle JD. A classification of fistula-in-ano. Br J Surg. 1976 Jan. 63 (1):1-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Hamadani A, Haigh PI, Liu IL, Abbas MA. Who is at risk for developing chronic anal fistula or recurrent anal sepsis after initial perianal abscess?. Dis Colon Rectum. 2009 Feb. 52 (2):217-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Brook I, Frazier EH. The aerobic and anaerobic bacteriology of perirectal abscesses. J Clin Microbiol. 1997 Nov. 35 (11):2974-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

8. Albright JB, Pidala MJ, Cali JR, Snyder MJ, Voloyiannis T, Bailey HR. MRSA-related perianal abscesses: an underrecognized disease entity. Dis Colon Rectum. 2007 Jul. 50 (7):996-1003. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Brown SR, Horton JD, Davis KG. Perirectal abscess infections related to MRSA: a prevalent and underrecognized pathogen. J Surg Educ. 2009 Sep-Oct. 66 (5):264-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Beard JM, Osborn J. Anorectal abscess. Rakel RE, Rakel DP, eds. Textbook of Family Medicine. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011.

11. Novotny NM, Mann MJ, Rescorla FJ. Fistula in ano in infants: who recurs?. Pediatr Surg Int. 2008 Nov. 24 (11):1197-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Hämäläinen KP, Sainio AP. Incidence of fistulas after drainage of acute anorectal abscesses. Dis Colon Rectum. 1998 Nov. 41 (11):1357-61; discussion 1361-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Athanasiadis S, Köhler A, Nafe M. Treatment of high anal fistulae by primary occlusion of the internal ostium, drainage of the intersphincteric space, and mucosal advancement flap. Int J Colorectal Dis. 1994 Aug. 9 (3):153-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Abbas MA, Lemus-Rangel R, Hamadani A. Long-term outcome of endorectal advancement flap for complex anorectal fistulae. Am Surg. 2008 Oct. 74 (10):921-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Hyman N, O'Brien S, Osler T. Outcomes after fistulotomy: results of a prospective, multicenter regional study. Dis Colon Rectum. 2009 Dec. 52 (12):2022-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Weizberg M, Gillett BP, Sinert RH. Penile discharge as a presentation of perirectal abscess. J Emerg Med. 2008 Jan. 34 (1):45-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Smereck J, Ybarra M. Acute hip pain and inability to ambulate: a rare presentation for perirectal abscess. Am J Emerg Med. 2011 Mar. 29 (3):356.e1-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Bennetsen DT. Perirectal abscess after accidental toothpick ingestion. J Emerg Med. 2008 Feb. 34 (2):203-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Erhan Y, Sakarya A, Aydede H, Demir A, Seyhan A, Atici E. A case of large mucinous adenocarcinoma arising in a long-standing fistula-in-ano. Dig Surg. 2003. 20 (1):69-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Fish D, Kugathasan S. Inflammatory bowel disease. Adolesc Med Clin. 2004 Feb. 15 (1):67-90, ix. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Sözener U, Gedik E, Kessaf Aslar A, Ergun H, Halil Elhan A, Memikoğlu O, et al. Does adjuvant antibiotic treatment after drainage of anorectal abscess prevent development of anal fistulas? A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter study. Dis Colon Rectum. 2011 Aug. 54 (8):923-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. [Guideline] Gaertner WB, Burgess PL, Davids JS, Lightner AL, Shogan BD, Sun MY, et al. The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Anorectal Abscess, Fistula-in-Ano, and Rectovaginal Fistula. Dis Colon Rectum. 2022 Aug 1. 65 (8):964-985. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

23. Chandwani D, Shih R, Cochrane D. Bedside emergency ultrasonography in the evaluation of a perirectal abscess. Am J Emerg Med. 2004 Jul. 22 (4):315. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Tio TL, Mulder CJ, Wijers OB, Sars PR, Tytgat GN. Endosonography of peri-anal and peri-colorectal fistula and/or abscess in Crohn's disease. Gastrointest Endosc. 1990 Jul-Aug. 36 (4):331-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Caliste X, Nazir S, Goode T, Street JH 3rd, Hockstein M, McArthur K, et al. Sensitivity of computed tomography in detection of perirectal abscess. Am Surg. 2011 Feb. 77 (2):166-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Berton F, Gola G, Wilson SR. Sonography of benign conditions of the anal canal: an update. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007 Oct. 189 (4):765-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Stewart LK, McGee J, Wilson SR. Transperineal and transvaginal sonography of perianal inflammatory disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2001 Sep. 177 (3):627-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Buchanan GN, Halligan S, Bartram CI, Williams AB, Tarroni D, Cohen CR. Clinical examination, endosonography, and MR imaging in preoperative assessment of fistula in ano: comparison with outcome-based reference standard. Radiology. 2004 Dec. 233 (3):674-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Domkundwar SV, Shinagare AB. Role of transcutaneous perianal ultrasonography in evaluation of fistulas in ano. J Ultrasound Med. 2007 Jan. 26 (1):29-36. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Berman L, Israel GM, McCarthy SM, Weinreb JC, Longo WE. Utility of magnetic resonance imaging in anorectal disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2007 Jun 21. 13 (23):3153-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Waniczek D, Adamczyk T, Arendt J, Kluczewska E, Kozińska-Marek E. Usefulness assessment of preoperative MRI fistulography in patients with perianal fistulas. Pol J Radiol. 2011 Oct. 76 (4):40-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

32. [Guideline] Tarasconi A, Perrone G, Davies J, Coimbra R, Moore E, Azzaroli F, et al. Anorectal emergencies: WSES-AAST guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2021 Sep 16. 16 (1):48. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

33. Anorectal abscess. Corman ML, Bergamaschi RCM, Nicholls RJ, Fazio VW, eds. Corman's Colon and Rectal Surgery. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2013. 367-83.

34. Nicholls RJ, Dozois RR, eds. Surgery of the Colon and Rectum. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1997. 255-84.

35. Phillips RKS, Lunniss PJ. Anal Fistula: Surgical Evaluation and Management. London: Chapman & Hall; 1996. 1-183.

36. Nelson R. Anorectal abscess fistula: what do we know?. Surg Clin North Am. 2002 Dec. 82 (6):1139-51, v-vi. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Rafferty JF, Thompson EV IV. Anorectal abscess and fistula-in-ano. Beck DE, Wexner SD, Rafferty JF, eds. Gordon and Nivatvongs' Principles and Practice of Surgery for the Colon, Rectum, and Anus. 4th ed. New York: Thieme; 2019. Chap 9.

38. Peng KT, Hsieh MC, Hsu WH, Li YY, Yeh CH. Anterior ilioinguinal incision for drainage of high-located perianal abscess. Tech Coloproctol. 2013 Aug. 17 (4):455-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Buddicom E, Jamieson A, Beasley S, King S. Perianal abscess in children: aiming for optimal management. ANZ J Surg. 2012 Jan-Feb. 82 (1-2):60-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Galandiuk S, Kimberling J, Al-Mishlab TG, Stromberg AJ. Perianal Crohn disease: predictors of need for permanent diversion. Ann Surg. 2005 May. 241 (5):796-801; discussion 801-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

41. Guidi L, Ratto C, Semeraro S, Roberto I, De Vitis I, Papa A, et al. Combined therapy with infliximab and seton drainage for perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease with anal endosonographic monitoring: a single-centre experience. Tech Coloproctol. 2008 Jun. 12 (2):111-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Malik AI, Nelson RL. Surgical management of anal fistulae: a systematic review. Colorectal Dis. 2008 Jun. 10 (5):420-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Yeung JM, Simpson JA, Tang SW, Armitage NC, Maxwell-Armstrong C. Fibrin glue for the treatment of fistulae in ano--a method worth sticking to?. Colorectal Dis. 2010 Apr. 12 (4):363-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Gupta PJ. Anal fistulotomy using radiowaves- long-term outcome. Acta Chir Iugosl. 2008. 55 (3):115-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Andre Hebra, MD Chief Medical Officer, Nemours Children's Hospital; Professor of Surgery, University of Central Florida College of Medicine

Andre Hebra, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, American Pediatric Surgical Association, Children's Oncology Group, Florida Medical Association, International Pediatric Endosurgery Group, Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons, Society of Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgeons, South Carolina Medical Association, Southeastern Surgical Congress, Southern Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

John Geibel, MD, MSc, DSc, AGAF Vice Chair and Professor, Department of Surgery, Section of Gastrointestinal Medicine, Professor, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine; Director of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Yale-New Haven Hospital; American Gastroenterological Association Fellow; Fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine

John Geibel, MD, MSc, DSc, AGAF is a member of the following medical societies: American Gastroenterological Association, American Physiological Society, American Society of Nephrology, Association for Academic Surgery, International Society of Nephrology, New York Academy of Sciences, Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Marc D Basson, MD, PhD, MBA, FACS Professor, Chair, Department of Surgery, Assistant Dean for Faculty Development in Research, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine

Marc D Basson, MD, PhD, MBA, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Surgeons, American Gastroenterological Association, Phi Beta Kappa, and Sigma Xi

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michael S Beeson, MD, MBA, FACEP Professor of Emergency Medicine, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine and Pharmacy; Attending Faculty, Akron General Medical Center

Michael S Beeson, MD, MBA, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Directors, National Association of EMS Physicians, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Steven C Dronen, MD, FAAEM Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, LeConte Medical Center

Steven C Dronen, MD, FAAEM is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Eugene Hardin, MD, FAAEM, FACEP Former Chair and Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science; Former Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, Martin Luther King Jr/Drew Medical Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Nizar Kifaieh, MD, FACEP Assistant Professor, Medical Director, Department Of Emergency Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center

Nizar Kifaieh, MD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Physician Executives, American Medical Association, New York County Medical Society, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

Patrick B Thomas, MD Fellow, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Walter W Valesky Jr, MD Clinical Assistant Instructor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Kings County Hospital, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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