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Table 1. Etiologies of Postcholecystectomy Syndrome by Anatomic Location

Table 1. Etiologies of Postcholecystectomy Syndrome by Anatomic Location

Anatomy	Etiology
Gallbladder remnant and cystic duct	Residual or reformed gallbladder Stump cholelithiasis Neuroma
Liver	Fatty infiltration of liver Hepatitis Hydrohepatosis Cirrhosis Chronic idiopathic jaundice Gilbert disease Dubin-Johnson syndrome Hepatolithiasis Sclerosing cholangitis Cyst
Biliary tract	Cholangitis Adhesions Strictures Trauma Cyst Malignancy and cholangiocarcinoma Obstruction Choledocholithiasis Dilation without obstruction Hypertension or nonspecific dilation Dyskinesia Fistula
Periampullary	Sphincter of Oddi dyskinesia, spasm, or hypertrophy Sphincter of Oddi stricture Papilloma Cancer
Pancreas	Pancreatitis Pancreatic stone Pancreatic cancer Pancreatic cysts Benign tumors
Esophagus	Aerophagia Diaphragmatic hernia Hiatal hernia Achalasia
Stomach	Bile gastritis Peptic ulcer disease Gastric cancer
Duodenum	Adhesions Duodenal diverticula Irritable bowel disease
Small bowel	Adhesions Incisional hernia Irritable bowel disease
Colon^[5]	Constipation Diarrhea Incisional hernia Irritable bowel disease
Vascular	Intestinal angina Coronary angina
Nerve	Neuroma Intercostal neuralgia Spinal nerve lesions Sympathetic imbalance Neurosis Psychic tension or anxiety
Bone	Arthritis
Other	Adrenal cancer Thyrotoxicosis 20% organ other than hepatobiliary or pancreatic Foreign bodies, including gallstones and surgical clips

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Author

Steen W Jensen, MD Chief, Department of Surgery, Plumas District Hospital

Steen W Jensen, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

John Geibel, MD, MSc, DSc, AGAF Vice Chair and Professor, Department of Surgery, Section of Gastrointestinal Medicine, Professor, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine; Director of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Yale-New Haven Hospital; American Gastroenterological Association Fellow; Fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine

John Geibel, MD, MSc, DSc, AGAF is a member of the following medical societies: American Gastroenterological Association, American Physiological Society, American Society of Nephrology, Association for Academic Surgery, International Society of Nephrology, New York Academy of Sciences, Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

Amy L Friedman, MD Professor of Surgery, Director of Transplantation, State University of New York Upstate Medical University College of Medicine, Syracuse

Amy L Friedman, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, American Medical Women's Association, American Society for Artificial Internal Organs, American Society of Transplant Surgeons, American Society of Transplantation, Association for Academic Surgery, Association of Women Surgeons, International College of Surgeons, International Liver Transplantation Society, NewYork Academy of Sciences, Pennsylvania Medical Society, Philadelphia County Medical Society, Society of Critical Care Medicine, and Transplantation Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Oscar Joe Hines, MD Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine

Oscar Joe Hines, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Association of Endocrine Surgeons, American College of Surgeons, Association for Academic Surgery, Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, and Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

Acknowledgments

The author wishes to thank Gail Stentzel for her assistance with organization and data collection.

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