Agrawal S, Mehta PK, Bairey Merz CN. Cardiac Syndrome X: update 2014. Cardiol Clin. 2014 Aug. 32(3):463-78. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Cannon RO, Epstein SE. «Microvascular angina» as a cause of chest pain with angiographically normal coronary arteries. Am J Cardiol. 1988. 62:1338–43.
Kret M. [Cardiac syndrome X--epidemiology, diagnostics, ethiopatoghenesis, prognosis, treatment and latest guidelines] [Polish]. Przegl Lek. 2016. 73 (1):40-5. [Medline].
Kanar BG, Sunbul M. Cardiac syndrome X: An important cause of microvascular angina. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars. 2018 Sep. 46 (6):437-8. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Kaski JC. Cardiac syndrome X and microvascular angina. Kaski JC, ed. Chest Pain With Normal Coronary Angiograms: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Management. London, UK: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1999. 1–12.
Tenekecioglu E, Yilmaz M, Demir S, et al. Lower hdl-cholesterol is associated with systemic inflammation in cardiac syndrome x. Minerva Med. 2014 Jul 16. [Medline].
Cosín-Sales J, Pizzi C, Brown S, Kaski JC. C-reactive protein, clinical presentation, and ischemic activity in patients with chest pain and normal coronary angiograms. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 May 7. 41(9):1468-74. [Medline].
Zeiher AM, Krause T, Schachinger V, Minners J, Moser E. Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation of coronary resistance vessels is associated with exercise-induced myocardial ischemia. Circulation. 1995 May 1. 91(9):2345-52. [Medline].
Egashira K, Inou T, Hirooka Y, Yamada A, Urabe Y, Takeshita A. Evidence of impaired endothelium-dependent coronary vasodilatation in patients with angina pectoris and normal coronary angiograms. N Engl J Med. 1993 Jun 10. 328(23):1659-64. [Medline].
Kaski JC, Cox ID, Crook JR, Salomone OA, Fredericks S, Hann C. Differential plasma endothelin levels in subgroups of patients with angina and angiographically normal coronary arteries. Coronary Artery Disease Research Group. Am Heart J. 1998 Sep. 136(3):412-7. [Medline].
Dean JD, Jones CJ, Hutchison SJ, Peters JR, Henderson AH. Hyperinsulinaemia and microvascular angina ("syndrome X"). Lancet. 1991 Feb 23. 337(8739):456-7. [Medline].
Botker HE, Moller N, Ovesen P, Mengel A, Schmitz O, Orskov H. Insulin resistance in microvascular angina (syndrome X). Lancet. 1993 Jul 17. 342(8864):136-40. [Medline].
Botker HE, Frobert O, Moller N, Christiansen E, Schmitz O, Bagger JP. Insulin resistance in cardiac syndrome X and variant angina: influence of physical capacity and circulating lipids. Am Heart J. 1997 Aug. 134(2 Pt 1):229-37. [Medline].
Jadhav S, Ferrell W, Greer IA, Petrie JR, Cobbe SM, Sattar N. Effects of metformin on microvascular function and exercise tolerance in women with angina and normal coronary arteries: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006 Sep 5. 48(5):956-63. [Medline].
Rosano GM, Ponikowski P, Adamopoulos S, Collins P, Poole-Wilson PA, Coats AJ. Abnormal autonomic control of the cardiovascular system in syndrome X. Am J Cardiol. 1994 Jun 15. 73(16):1174-9. [Medline].
Frobert O, Molgaard H, Botker HE, Bagger JP. Autonomic balance in patients with angina and a normal coronary angiogram. Eur Heart J. 1995 Oct. 16(10):1356-60. [Medline].
Montorsi P, Fabbiocchi F, Loaldi A, Annoni L, Polese A, De Cesare N. Coronary adrenergic hyperreactivity in patients with syndrome X and abnormal electrocardiogram at rest. Am J Cardiol. 1991 Dec 15. 68(17):1698-703. [Medline].
Adamopoulos S, Rosano GM, Ponikowski P, Cerquetani E, Piepoli M, Panagiota F. Impaired baroreflex sensitivity and sympathovagal balance in syndrome X. Am J Cardiol. 1998 Oct 1. 82(7):862-8. [Medline].
Camici PG, Marraccini P, Gistri R, Salvadori PA, Sorace O, L'Abbate A. Adrenergically mediated coronary vasoconstriction in patients with syndrome X. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1994 Apr. 8(2):221-6. [Medline].
Rosen SD, Paulesu E, Wise RJ, Camici PG. Central neural contribution to the perception of chest pain in cardiac syndrome X. Heart. 2002 Jun. 87(6):513-9. [Medline].
Rosano GM, Collins P, Kaski JC, Lindsay DC, Sarrel PM, Poole-Wilson PA. Syndrome X in women is associated with oestrogen deficiency. Eur Heart J. 1995 May. 16(5):610-4. [Medline].
Roque M, Heras M, Roig E, Masotti M, Rigol M, Betriu A. Short-term effects of transdermal estrogen replacement therapy on coronary vascular reactivity in postmenopausal women with angina pectoris and normal results on coronary angiograms. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998 Jan. 31(1):139-43. [Medline].
Albertsson PA, Emanuelsson H, Milsom I. Beneficial effect of treatment with transdermal estradiol-17-beta on exercise-induced angina and ST segment depression in syndrome X. Int J Cardiol. 1996 Apr 19. 54(1):13-20. [Medline].
Rosano GM, Peters NS, Lefroy D, Lindsay DC, Sarrel PM, Collins P. 17-beta-Estradiol therapy lessens angina in postmenopausal women with syndrome X. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996 Nov 15. 28(6):1500-5. [Medline].
Lichtlen PR, Bargheer K, Wenzlaff P. Long-term prognosis of patients with anginalike chest pain and normal coronary angiographic findings. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995 Apr. 25(5):1013-8. [Medline].
Kemp HG, Kronmal RA, Vlietstra RE, Frye RL. Seven year survival of patients with normal or near normal coronary arteriograms: a CASS registry study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986 Mar. 7(3):479-83. [Medline].
Kaski JC. Overview of gender aspects of cardiac syndrome X. Cardiovasc Res. 2002 Feb 15. 53(3):620-6. [Medline].
Karin H.Humphries, AihuaPu, MinGao, Ronald G.Carere, LouisePilote. Angina with “normal” coronary arteries: Sex differences in outcomes. American Heart Journal. feb 2008. 155:375-381. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Agrawal S, Mehta PK, Bairey Merz CN. Cardiac syndrome X: update. Heart Fail Clin. 2016 Jan. 12 (1):141-56. [Medline].
Armen Parsyan, Louise Pilote. Cardiac Syndrome X: Mystery Continues. The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. Mar 2012. 28:S3-S6. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Chauhan A, Mullins PA, Thuraisingham SI, Petch MC, Schofield PM. Clinical presentation and functional prognosis in syndrome X. Br Heart J. 1993 Oct. 70(4):346-51. [Medline].
Romeo F, Rosano GM, Martuscelli E, Lombardo L, Valente A. Long-term follow-up of patients initially diagnosed with syndrome X. Am J Cardiol. 1993 Mar 15. 71(8):669-73. [Medline].
Radice M, Giudici V, Marinelli G. Long-term follow-up in patients with positive exercise test and angiographically normal coronary arteries (syndrome X). Am J Cardiol. 1995 Mar 15. 75(8):620-1. [Medline].
Kaski JC, Rosano GM, Collins P, Nihoyannopoulos P, Maseri A, Poole-Wilson PA. Cardiac syndrome X: clinical characteristics and left ventricular function. Long-term follow-up study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995 Mar 15. 25(4):807-14. [Medline].
Lamendola P, Lanza GA, Spinelli A, Sgueglia GA, Di Monaco A, Barone L. Long-term prognosis of patients with cardiac syndrome X. Int J Cardiol. 2010 Apr 15. 140(2):197-9. [Medline].
Bugiardini R, Manfrini O, Pizzi C, Fontana F, Morgagni G. Endothelial function predicts future development of coronary artery disease: a study of women with chest pain and normal coronary angiograms. Circulation. 2004 Jun 1. 109(21):2518-23. [Medline].
Bairey Merz CN, Pepine CJ. Syndrome X and microvascular coronary dysfunction. Circulation. 2011 Sep 27. 124(13):1477-80. [Medline].
Kaski JC, Rosano GM, Collins P, Nihoyannopoulos P, Maseri A, Poole-Wilson PA. Cardiac syndrome X: clinical characteristics and left ventricular function. Long-term follow-up study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995 Mar 15. 25(4):807-14. [Medline].
Roe MT, Harrington RA, Prosper DM, et al. Clinical and therapeutic profile of patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes who do not have significant coronary artery disease.The Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa in Unstable Angina: Receptor Suppression Using Integrilin Therapy (PURSUIT) Trial Investigators. Circulation. Sep 2000. 102:1101-6. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Mukerji B, Mukerji V, Alpert MA, Selukar R. The prevalence of rheumatologic disorders in patients with chest pain and angiographically normal coronary arteries. Angiology. 1995 May. 46(5):425-30. [Medline].
Mahfouz RA, Goda M, Galal I, Ghareb MS. Association of morning blood pressure surge with carotid intima-media thickness and cardiac dysfunction in patients with cardiac syndrome-X. Blood Press. 2018 Oct. 27 (5):297-303. [Medline].
Turhan Caglar FN, Ungan I, Ksanski V, et al. Evaluation of serum vitamin D levels in patients with X syndrome. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2016. 20 (6):1155-60. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Lu DY, Yang AC, Cheng HM, et al. Heart rate variability is associated with exercise capacity in patients with cardiac syndrome X. PLoS One. 2016. 11 (1):e0144935. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Cattaneo M, Porretta AP, Gallino A. Ranolazine: Drug overview and possible role in primary microvascular angina management. Int J Cardiol. 2015 Feb 15. 181:376-81. [Medline].
Jadhav S, Ferrell W, Greer IA, Petrie JR, Cobbe SM, Sattar N. Effects of metformin on microvascular function and exercise tolerance in women with angina and normal coronary arteries: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006 Sep 5. 48(5):956-63. [Medline].
Potts SG, Lewin R, Fox KA, Johnstone EC. Group psychological treatment for chest pain with normal coronary arteries. QJM. 1999 Feb. 92(2):81-6. [Medline].
Mayou RA, Bryant BM, Sanders D, Bass C, Klimes I, Forfar C. A controlled trial of cognitive behavioural therapy for non-cardiac chest pain. Psychol Med. 1997 Sep. 27(5):1021-31. [Medline].
Eriksson BE, Tyni-Lenne R, Svedenhag J, Hallin R, Jensen-Urstad K, Jensen-Urstad M. Physical training in Syndrome X: physical training counteracts deconditioning and pain in Syndrome X. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000 Nov 1. 36(5):1619-25. [Medline].
Rahmani R, Niyazi S, Sobh-Rakhshankhah A, et al. Effects of a cardiac rehabilitation program versus usual care on cardiopulmonary function in patients with cardiac syndrome X. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2020 Jan. 40 (1):41-7. [Medline].
Manchanda A, Soran O. Enhanced external counterpulsation and future directions: step beyond medical management for patients with angina and heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007 Oct 16. 50(16):1523-31. [Medline].
Bonetti PO, Gadasalli SN, Lerman A, Barsness GW. Successful treatment of symptomatic coronary endothelial dysfunction with enhanced external counterpulsation. Mayo Clin Proc. 2004 May. 79(5):690-2. [Medline].
Lanza GA, Colonna G, Pasceri V, Maseri A. Atenolol versus amlodipine versus isosorbide-5-mononitrate on anginal symptoms in syndrome X. Am J Cardiol. 1999 Oct 1. 84(7):854-6, A8. [Medline].
Bugiardini R, Borghi A, Biagetti L, Puddu P. Comparison of verapamil versus propranolol therapy in syndrome X. Am J Cardiol. 1989 Feb 1. 63(5):286-90. [Medline].
Fragasso G, Chierchia SL, Pizzetti G, Rossetti E, Carlino M, Gerosa S. Impaired left ventricular filling dynamics in patients with angina and angiographically normal coronary arteries: effect of beta adrenergic blockade. Heart. 1997 Jan. 77(1):32-9. [Medline].
Ozçelik F, Altun A, Ozbay G. Antianginal and anti-ischemic effects of nisoldipine and ramipril in patients with syndrome X. Clin Cardiol. 1999 May. 22(5):361-5. [Medline].
Morimoto S, Maki K, Aota Y, Sakuma T, Iwasaka T. Beneficial effects of combination therapy with angiotensin II receptor blocker and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor on vascular endothelial function. Hypertens Res. 2008 Aug. 31(8):1603-10. [Medline].
Kayikcio M, Payzih S, Yavuzgil O, Kultursay H, Can L, Soydan I. Benefits of statin treatment in cardiac syndrome X. Eur Heart J 2003;24:1999–2005. Coll Cardiol. 2007. 50:1523–31.
Rodriguez C, Alcudia JF, Martinez-Gonzalez J, Guadall A, Raposo B, Sanchez-Gomez S. Statins normalize vascular lysyl oxidase down-regulation induced by proatherogenic risk factors. Cardiovasc Res. 2009 Aug 1. 83(3):595-603. [Medline].
Rosano GM, Peters NS, Lefroy D, Lindsay DC, Sarrel PM, Collins P. 17-beta-Estradiol therapy lessens angina in postmenopausal women with syndrome X. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996 Nov 15. 28(6):1500-5. [Medline].
Roqué M, Heras M, Roig E, Masotti M, Rigol M, Betriu A. Short-term effects of transdermal estrogen replacement therapy on coronary vascular reactivity in postmenopausal women with angina pectoris and normal results on coronary angiograms. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998 Jan. 31(1):139-43. [Medline].
Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Kooperberg C, Stefanick ML. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002 Jul 17. 288(3):321-33. [Medline].
Cannon RO 3rd, Quyyumi AA, Mincemoyer R, Stine AM, Gracely RH, Smith WB. Imipramine in patients with chest pain despite normal coronary angiograms. N Engl J Med. 1994 May 19. 330(20):1411-7. [Medline].
Aciksari G, Demir B, Uygun T, et al. Serum prolidase activity in patients with cardiac syndrome X. North Clin Istanb. 2020. 7 (5):471-7. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Lopez-Hidalgo M, Eblen-Zajjur A. Coronary blood flow measurement in conventional coronary angiograms by a new method based on contrast density detection. A physiological insight. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020 Sep. 115 (3):503-12. [Medline].
Jia Q, Shi S, Yuan G, et al. The effect of nicorandil in patients with cardiac syndrome X: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020 Sep 11. 99 (37):e22167. [Medline]. [Full Text].