-
Sections Prostate Cancer
- Overview
- Presentation
- DDx
- Workup
- Treatment
- Approach Considerations
- Localized Prostate Cancer
- Management of Advanced and Metastatic Disease
- Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer
- Castrate Resistant Prostate Cancer
- Radiation Therapy in Metastatic Disease
- Surgery in Metastatic Disease
- Adverse effects of androgen suppression
- Palliative Therapy
- Consultations
- Long-Term Monitoring
- Prevention
- Show All
- Guidelines
- Medication
- Medication Summary
- Antineoplastics, GnRH Agonist
- Antineoplastics, Antiandrogen
- Antineoplastics, GnRH Antagonist
- Antineoplastics, Antimicrotubular
- Antineoplastics, Anthracenedione
- Antineoplastics, Hormones
- Chemotherapy Modulating Agents
- Antineoplastics, PARP Inhibitors
- Bisphosphonate Derivatives
- Antifungals, Systemic
- Monoclonal Antibodies, Endocrine
- Corticosteroids
- Radiopharmaceuticals
- Show All
- Questions & Answers
- Media Gallery
- Tables
- References
Guidelines Summary
Guidelines on the following aspects of prostate cancer have been published:
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Initial workup [58]
For summaries of these guidelines, see Prostate Cancer Guidelines.
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Epstein JI, Zelefsky MJ, Sjoberg DD, Nelson JB, Egevad L, Magi-Galluzzi C, et al. A Contemporary Prostate Cancer Grading System: A Validated Alternative to the Gleason Score. Eur Urol. 2016 Mar. 69 (3):428-35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
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Sánchez-Chapado M, Olmedilla G, Cabeza M, Donat E, Ruiz A. Prevalence of prostate cancer and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in Caucasian Mediterranean males: an autopsy study. Prostate. 2003 Feb 15. 54 (3):238-47. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
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Barber L, Gerke T, Markt SC, Peisch SF, Wilson KM, Ahearn T, et al. Family History of Breast or Prostate Cancer and Prostate Cancer Risk. Clin Cancer Res. 2018 Dec 1. 24 (23):5910-5917. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
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Giri VN, Hegarty SE, Hyatt C, O'Leary E, Garcia J, Knudsen KE, et al. Germline genetic testing for inherited prostate cancer in practice: Implications for genetic testing, precision therapy, and cascade testing. Prostate. 2019 Mar. 79 (4):333-339. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Nicolosi P, Ledet E, Yang S, Michalski S, Freschi B, O'Leary E, et al. Prevalence of Germline Variants in Prostate Cancer and Implications for Current Genetic Testing Guidelines. JAMA Oncol. 2019 Apr 1. 5 (4):523-528. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
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Marshall CH, Sokolova AO, McNatty AL, Cheng HH, Eisenberger MA, Bryce AH, et al. Differential Response to Olaparib Treatment Among Men with Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer Harboring BRCA1 or BRCA2 Versus ATM Mutations. Eur Urol. 2019 Oct. 76 (4):452-458. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Raymond VM, Mukherjee B, Wang F, Huang SC, Stoffel EM, Kastrinos F, et al. Elevated Risk of Prostate Cancer Among Men With Lynch Syndrome. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Mar 25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Cao Y, Ma J. Body mass index, prostate cancer-specific mortality, and biochemical recurrence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2011 Apr. 4 (4):486-501. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ma J, Li H, Giovannucci E, Mucci L, Qiu W, Nguyen PL, et al. Prediagnostic body-mass index, plasma C-peptide concentration, and prostate cancer-specific mortality in men with prostate cancer: a long-term survival analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2008 Nov. 9 (11):1039-47. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Stevens VL, Jacobs EJ, Sun J, Gapstur SM. No association of plasma levels of adiponectin and c-peptide with risk of aggressive prostate cancer in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2014 May. 23 (5):890-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Pischon T, Boeing H, Weikert S, Allen N, Key T, ...Slimani N, et al. Body size and risk of prostate cancer in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008 Nov. 17 (11):3252-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
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Wheeler KM, Liss MA. The Microbiome and Prostate Cancer Risk. Curr Urol Rep. 2019 Sep 7. 20 (10):66. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Banerjee S, Alwine JC, Wei Z, Tian T, Shih N, Sperling C, et al. Microbiome signatures in prostate cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2019 Jul 6. 40 (6):749-764. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Hurst R, Meader E, Gihawi A, et al. Microbiomes of Urine and the Prostate Are Linked to Human Prostate Cancer Risk Groups. Eur Urol Oncol. 2022 Apr 18. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Mucci LA, Wilson KM, Giovannucci EL. Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer. Loda M, Mucci LA, Mittelstadt ML, Van Hemelrijck M, Cotter MB. Pathology and Epidemiology of Cancer. Springer International Publishing; 2017. 107-125.
Klein EA, Thompson IM Jr, Tangen CM, Crowley JJ, Lucia MS, Goodman PJ, et al. Vitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). JAMA. 2011 Oct 12. 306 (14):1549-56. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Gaziano JM, Glynn RJ, Christen WG, Kurth T, Belanger C, MacFadyen J, et al. Vitamins E and C in the prevention of prostate and total cancer in men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009 Jan 7. 301 (1):52-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Eggener SE, Scardino PT, Walsh PC, Han M, et al. Predicting 15-year prostate cancer specific mortality after radical prostatectomy. J Urol. 2011 Mar. 185(3):869-75. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Cooperberg MR, Broering JM, Carroll PR. Risk assessment for prostate cancer metastasis and mortality at the time of diagnosis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009 Jun 16. 101(12):878-87. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Kenfield SA, Stampfer MJ, Chan JM, Giovannucci E. Smoking and prostate cancer survival and recurrence. JAMA. 2011 Jun 22. 305(24):2548-55. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Joshu CE, Mondul AM, Meinhold CL, Humphreys EB, Han M, Walsh PC, et al. Cigarette smoking and prostate cancer recurrence after prostatectomy. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011 May 18. 103(10):835-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Li WQ, Qureshi AA, Ma J, Goldstein AM, Giovannucci EL, Stampfer MJ, et al. Personal History of Prostate Cancer and Increased Risk of Incident Melanoma in the United States. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Nov 4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Esrig D, Freeman JA, Elmajian DA, et al. Transitional cell carcinoma involving the prostate with a proposed staging classification for stromal invasion. J Urol. 1996 Sep. 156 (3):1071-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Reese JH, Freiha FS, Gelb AB, Lum BL, Torti FM. Transitional cell carcinoma of the prostate in patients undergoing radical cystoprostatectomy. J Urol. 1992 Jan. 147 (1):92-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Revelo MP, Cookson MS, Chang SS, Shook MF, Smith JA Jr, Shappell SB. Incidence and location of prostate and urothelial carcinoma in prostates from cystoprostatectomies: implications for possible apical sparing surgery. J Urol. 2004 Feb. 171 (2 Pt 1):646-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Njinou Ngninkeu B, Lorge F, Moulin P, Jamart J, Van Cangh PJ. Transitional cell carcinoma involving the prostate: a clinicopathological retrospective study of 76 cases. J Urol. 2003 Jan. 169 (1):149-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
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Pettus JA, Al-Ahmadie H, Barocas DA, et al. Risk assessment of prostatic pathology in patients undergoing radical cystoprostatectomy. Eur Urol. 2008 Feb. 53 (2):370-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Lamy PJ, Allory Y, Gauchez AS, Asselain B, Beuzeboc P, de Cremoux P, et al. Prognostic Biomarkers Used for Localised Prostate Cancer Management: A Systematic Review. Eur Urol Focus. 2018 Dec. 4 (6):790-803. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Lerner SP, Shen S. Pathologic assessment and clinical significance of prostatic involvement by transitional cell carcinoma and prostate cancer. Urol Oncol. 2008 Sep-Oct. 26 (5):481-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
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[Guideline] Prostate Cancer. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Available at http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/prostate.pdf. Version 2.2021 — February 17, 2021; Accessed: March 10, 2021.
Naji L, Randhawa H, Sohani Z, Dennis B, Lautenbach D, Kavanagh O, et al. Digital Rectal Examination for Prostate Cancer Screening in Primary Care: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ann Fam Med. 2018 Mar. 16 (2):149-154. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Hu JC, Nguyen P, Mao J, Halpern J, Shoag J, Wright JD, et al. Increase in Prostate Cancer Distant Metastases at Diagnosis in the United States. JAMA Oncol. 2017 May 1. 3 (5):705-707. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Pinsky PF, Prorok PC, Yu K, Kramer BS, Black A, Gohagan JK, et al. Extended mortality results for prostate cancer screening in the PLCO trial with median follow-up of 15 years. Cancer. 2017 Feb 15. 123 (4):592-599. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
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Arnsrud Godtman R, Holmberg E, Lilja H, Stranne J, Hugosson J. Opportunistic testing versus organized prostate-specific antigen screening: outcome after 18 years in the Göteborg randomized population-based prostate cancer screening trial. Eur Urol. 2015 Sep. 68 (3):354-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
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Butler SS, Muralidhar V, Zhao SG, Sanford NN, Franco I, Fullerton ZH, et al. Prostate cancer incidence across stage, NCCN risk groups, and age before and after USPSTF Grade D recommendations against prostate-specific antigen screening in 2012. Cancer. 2020 Feb 15. 126 (4):717-724. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Wilt TJ, Vo TN, Langsetmo L, Dahm P, Wheeler T, Aronson WJ, et al. Radical Prostatectomy or Observation for Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer: Extended Follow-up of the Prostate Cancer Intervention Versus Observation Trial (PIVOT). Eur Urol. 2020 Jun. 77 (6):713-724. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
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Daskivich TJ, Fan KH, Koyama T, Albertsen PC, Goodman M, Hamilton AS, et al. Effect of age, tumor risk, and comorbidity on competing risks for survival in a U.S. population-based cohort of men with prostate cancer. Ann Intern Med. 2013 May 21. 158 (10):709-17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
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Bul M, van Leeuwen PJ, Zhu X, Schröder FH, Roobol MJ. Prostate cancer incidence and disease-specific survival of men with initial prostate-specific antigen less than 3.0 ng/ml who are participating in ERSPC Rotterdam. Eur Urol. 2011 Apr. 59(4):498-505. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
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Borghesi M, Ahmed H, Nam R, Schaeffer E, Schiavina R, Taneja S, et al. Complications After Systematic, Random, and Image-guided Prostate Biopsy. Eur Urol. 2017 Mar. 71 (3):353-365. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Stefanova V, Buckley R, Flax S, Spevack L, Hajek D, Tunis A, et al. Transperineal Prostate Biopsies Using Local Anesthesia: Experience with 1,287 Patients. Prostate Cancer Detection Rate, Complications and Patient Tolerability. J Urol. 2019 Jun. 201 (6):1121-1126. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
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Weinreb JC, Barentsz JO, Choyke PL, Cornud F, Haider MA, Macura KJ, et al. PI-RADS Prostate Imaging - Reporting and Data System: 2015, Version 2. Eur Urol. 2016 Jan. 69 (1):16-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Rosenkrantz AB, Verma S, Choyke P, Eberhardt SC, Eggener SE, Gaitonde K, et al. Prostate Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Targeted Biopsy in Patients with a Prior Negative Biopsy: A Consensus Statement by AUA and SAR. J Urol. 2016 Dec. 196 (6):1613-1618. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
van der Leest M, Cornel E, Israël B,...Hulsbergen-van de Kaa C, Barentsz JO. Head-to-head Comparison of Transrectal Ultrasound-guided Prostate Biopsy Versus Multiparametric Prostate Resonance Imaging with Subsequent Magnetic Resonance-guided Biopsy in Biopsy-naïve Men with Elevated Prostate-specific Antigen: A Large Prospective Multicenter Clinical Study. Eur Urol. 2019 Apr. 75 (4):570-578. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kasivisvanathan V, Rannikko AS, .... Moore CM, PRECISION Study Group Collaborators. MRI-Targeted or Standard Biopsy for Prostate-Cancer Diagnosis. N Engl J Med. 2018 May 10. 378 (19):1767-1777. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Hamoen EHJ, Hoeks CMA, Somford DM, van Oort IM, Vergunst H, Oddens JR, et al. Value of Serial Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Imaging-guided Biopsies in Men with Low-risk Prostate Cancer on Active Surveillance After 1 Yr Follow-up. Eur Urol Focus. 2019 May. 5 (3):407-415. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Tran GN, Leapman MS, Nguyen HG, Cowan JE, Shinohara K, Westphalen AC, et al. Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Ultrasound Fusion Biopsy During Prostate Cancer Active Surveillance. Eur Urol. 2017 Aug. 72 (2):275-281. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Nassiri N, Margolis DJ, Natarajan S, Sharma DS, Huang J, Dorey FJ, et al. Targeted Biopsy to Detect Gleason Score Upgrading during Active Surveillance for Men with Low versus Intermediate Risk Prostate Cancer. J Urol. 2017 Mar. 197 (3 Pt 1):632-639. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Aharony S, Baniel J, Yossepowitch O. Clinically unconfirmed positive urinary cytology: diagnostic implications and oncological outcomes. BJU Int. 2011 Oct. 108 (8 pt 2):E179-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Epstein JI, Zelefsky MJ, Sjoberg DD, Nelson JB, Egevad L, Magi-Galluzzi C, et al. A Contemporary Prostate Cancer Grading System: A Validated Alternative to the Gleason Score. Eur Urol. 2016 Mar. 69 (3):428-35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Epstein JI, Egevad L, Amin MB, Delahunt B, Srigley JR, Humphrey PA, et al. The 2014 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Consensus Conference on Gleason Grading of Prostatic Carcinoma: Definition of Grading Patterns and Proposal for a New Grading System. Am J Surg Pathol. 2016 Feb. 40 (2):244-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Buyyounouski MK, Choyke PL, McKenney JK, Sartor O, Sandler HM, Amin MB, et al. Prostate cancer - major changes in the American Joint Committee on Cancer eighth edition cancer staging manual. CA Cancer J Clin. 2017 May 6. 67 (3):245-253. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Poyet C, Nieboer D, Bhindi B, Kulkarni GS, Wiederkehr C, Wettstein MS, et al. Prostate cancer risk prediction using the novel versions of the European Randomised Study for Screening of Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) and Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT) risk calculators: independent validation and comparison in a contemporary European cohort. BJU Int. 2016 Mar. 117 (3):401-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Rowe SP, Gorin MA, Allaf ME, Pienta KJ, Tran PT, Pomper MG, et al. PET imaging of prostate-specific membrane antigen in prostate cancer: current state of the art and future challenges. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2016 Sep. 19 (3):223-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Eifler JB, Feng Z, Lin BM, Partin MT, Humphreys EB, Han M, et al. An updated prostate cancer staging nomogram (Partin tables) based on cases from 2006 to 2011. BJU Int. 2013 Jan. 111(1):22-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Cooperberg MR, Broering JM, Carroll PR. Risk assessment for prostate cancer metastasis and mortality at the time of diagnosis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009 Jun 16. 101(12):878-87. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Crawford ED, Blumenstein BA. Proposed substages for metastatic prostate cancer. Urology. 1997 Dec. 50(6):1027-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
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Varinot J, Cussenot O, Roupret M, et al. HOXB13 is a sensitive and specific marker of prostate cells, useful in distinguishing between carcinomas of prostatic and urothelial origin. Virchows Arch. 2013 Dec. 463 (6):803-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
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[Guideline] Eastham JA, Auffenberg GB, Barocas DA, Chou R, Crispino T, Davis JW, et al. Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer: AUA/ASTRO Guideline, Part II: Principles of Active Surveillance, Principles of Surgery, and Follow-Up. J Urol. 2022 Jul. 208 (1):19-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board. Prostate Cancer Treatment (PDQ®). National Cancer Institute. Available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/prostate/HealthProfessional/page4. December 27, 2021; Accessed: January 21, 2022.
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Fosså SD, Wiklund F, Klepp O, Angelsen A, Solberg A, Damber JE, et al. Ten- and 15-yr Prostate Cancer-specific Mortality in Patients with Nonmetastatic Locally Advanced or Aggressive Intermediate Prostate Cancer, Randomized to Lifelong Endocrine Treatment Alone or Combined with Radiotherapy: Final Results of The Scandinavian Prostate Cancer Group-7. Eur Urol. 2016 Oct. 70 (4):684-691. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
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Prostate cancer. This diagram depicts the relevant anatomy of the male pelvis and genitourinary tract.
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Prostate cancer. Histologic scoring system showing the 2 most common patterns seen on the biopsy specimen, termed the Gleason score.
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Prostate cancer. The standard approach for grading prostate cancer depends on a Gleason score, which is based on pathologic evaluation of a prostatectomy specimen and is commonly estimated from prostate biopsy tissue. Prostate cancer patterns are assigned a number from 1-5; the score is created by adding the most common pattern and the highest-grade patterns. Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.
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Prostate cancer. Adenocarcinoma around a small nerve (center). Courtesy of Thomas M. Wheeler, MD.
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Prostate cancer. Small focus of adenocarcinoma on needle biopsy on right side of slide (normal glands on left side). Courtesy of Thomas M. Wheeler, MD.
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Prostate cancer. Immunohistochemical stains showing normal basal cells (brown) in a benign gland with no basal cells in malignant glands (on right side with no brown staining). Malignant glands show increased expression of racemase (red cytoplasmic stain). Courtesy of Thomas M. Wheeler, MD.
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Prostate cancer. Micrograph of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia
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Prostate cancer. Diagram illustrates the progression of prostate cancer and associated treatment options.
Tables
| Gleason Grade | Grade Groups |
|---|---|
| 3+3 | 1 |
| 3+4 | 2 |
| 4+3 | 3 |
| 4+4, 3+5, 5+3 | 4 |
| 4+5, 5+4, 5+5 | 5 |
Organization |
Screening Tools |
Ages to Screen |
Repeat Testing Interval |
Indication for Prostate Biopsy |
NCCN (2018) |
PSA and DRE |
45-75 >75 (only in very healthy men) |
PSA* < 1 ng/mL, 2-4 years PSA* 1-3 ng/mL, 1-2 years |
PSA > 3 ng/mL or Suspicious DRE |
AUA (2018) |
PSA |
-Not indicated in men < 40 -Not recommended in men 40-54** -After shared decision making for men 55-69 -Not recommended for men >70 or men with life expectancy < 10-15 yrs |
2 or more years |
Consider if PSA >3, but with additional consideration of factors affecting PSA*** |
EAU (2016) |
PSA |
Risk adapted model after shared decision making for men with a life-expectancy >10-15 years -Men >50 -Men >45 with a family history -African American men >45 -Men with PSA >1 ng/mL at age 40 -Men with PSA >2 ng/mL at age 60 |
Risk adapted: -Every 2 years for men with PSA >1 ng/mL at age 40 or PSA >2 ng/mL at age 60 - Every 8 years for those not at risk |
-PSA should be addressed continuously - Consider the addition of novel risk assays |
ACS (2019) |
PSA +/-DRE |
Risk adapted model after shared decision making -Men >50, life expectancy > 10 years -Men >45 at high risk -Men >40 at very high risk¥ |
PSA* < 2.5 ng/mL, 2 yrs PSA* >2.5 ng/mL, 1 yr |
Not discussed |
*assumes normal DRE **Screening should be individualized for men aged 40-54 and those at higher risk, such as African-American men, men with a family history of metastatic or lethal adenocarcinoma (including prostate, breast, ovarian, and pancreatic cancers), multiple affected first-degree relatives of affected generations, and family members with cancer detected at younger ages. ***A second confirmatory PSA should be obtained prior to biopsy ǂ African-American men or men with a first-degree relative with prostate cancer diagnosed at < 65 years of age ¥ More than one first-degree relative with prostate cancer at an early age |
||||
ISUP Grade |
Gleason Score |
Definition |
1 |
2-6 |
Only individual discrete well-formed glands |
2 |
3+4=7 |
Predominantly well-formed glands with lesser component of poorly formed/fused/cribriform glands |
3 |
4+3=7 |
Predominantly poorly formed/fused/cribriform glands with lesser component of well-formed glands |
4 |
4+4=8 |
Only poorly formed/fused/cribriform glands |
3+5=8 |
Predominantly well-formed glands and lesser component lacking glands (or with necrosis) |
|
5+3=8 |
Predominantly lacking glands (or with necrosis) and lesser component of well-formed glands |
|
5 |
59–10 |
Lacking gland formation (or with necrosis) with or without poorly formed/fused |
Chad R Tracy, MD Assistant Professor, Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine
Chad R Tracy, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Medical Association, American Urological Association, Endourological Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Nathan A Brooks, MD Resident Physician, Department of Urology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics
Nathan A Brooks, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Urological Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Mohammed Said, MD Fellow in Minimally Invasive Surgery and Endourology, Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Edward David Kim, MD, FACS Professor of Urology, Department of Urology, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine; Consulting Staff, University of Tennessee Medical Center
Edward David Kim, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American Society for Reproductive Medicine, American Urological Association, Sexual Medicine Society of North America, Society for Male Reproduction and Urology, Society for the Study of Male Reproduction, Tennessee Medical Association
Disclosure: Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: Endo, Antares.
Tracey L Krupski, MD, MPH Assistant Professor, Department of Urology, University of Virginia School of Medicine
Tracey L Krupski, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: American Medical Association, American Urological Association, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Society of Women in Urology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Bagi RP Jana, MD, MBA, MHA, FACP Professor of Cancer Medicine, MD Anderson Cancer Center; Professor of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston
Bagi RP Jana, MD, MBA, MHA, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American Cancer Society, American Medical Association, American Society of Clinical Oncology, SWOG
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Gerald W Chodak, MD † Editor, www.ProstateVideos.com; Medscape Urology, Experts and Viewpoints--Controversies in Urology; Director of Medical Content, Answers Media, LLC; Author, Winning the Battle Against Prostate Cancer
Gerald W Chodak, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Urological Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Isamettin Andrew Aral, MD, MSc Attending Physician, Nassau Radiologic Group (Long Island Radiation Therapy); Clinical Assistant Professor of Radiation Oncology, State University of New York Downstate College of Medicine
Isamettin Andrew Aral, MD, MSc, is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Radiology, American Medical Association, and American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Hassan Aziz, MD Clinical Professor, Department of Radiation Oncology, Downstate Medical Center and Long Island College Hospital, State University of New York at Downstate
Hassan Aziz, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Radiology and American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Michael Giasullo, MD Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Urology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center; Chief, Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Lutheran Medical Center; Consulting Staff, Bay Ridge Urology Associates; Assistant Attending Physician, Department of Surgery, Urology Section, Methodist Hospital
Michael Giasullo, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Medical Association and American Urological Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Leonard Gabriel Gomella, MD, FACS The Bernard W Godwin Professor of Prostate Cancer Chairman, Department of Urology, Associate Director of Clinical Affairs, Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University
Leonard Gabriel Gomella, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Cancer Research, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, American Society for Laser Medicine and Surgery, American Urological Association, Sigma Xi, Society for Basic Urologic Research, Society of University Urologists, and Society of Urologic Oncology
Disclosure: GSK Consulting fee Consulting; Astra Zeneca Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Watson Pharmaceuticals Consulting fee Consulting
Fazal Hussain, MD, MBBS Director, Clinical Research, King Faisal Cancer Centre
Fazal Hussain, MD, MBBS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Radiology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Nicholas Karanikolas, MD Associate Professor, Department of Urology, SUNY Downstate College of Medicine; Director, Urologic Oncology, Staten Island University Hospital; Attending Physician, Department of Urology, Brooklyn Veterans Administration Hospital
Nicholas Karanikolas, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Urological Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference
Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment
Dan Theodorescu, MD, PhD Paul A Bunn Professor of Cancer Research, Professor of Surgery and Pharmacology, Director, University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center
Dan Theodorescu, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Cancer Society, American College of Surgeons, American Urological Association, Medical Society of Virginia, Society for Basic Urologic Research, and Society of Urologic Oncology
Disclosure: Key Genomics Ownership interest Co-Founder-50% Stock Ownership; KromaTiD, Inc Stock Options Board membership
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Sections Prostate Cancer
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