Prostate Cancer Questions & Answers

1. Thompson IM, Pauler DK, Goodman PJ, Tangen CM, Lucia MS, Parnes HL, et al. Prevalence of prostate cancer among men with a prostate-specific antigen level < or =4.0 ng per milliliter. N Engl J Med. 2004 May 27. 350 (22):2239-46. [Medline].

2. Wolf AM, Wender RC, Etzioni RB, Thompson IM, et al. American Cancer Society guideline for the early detection of prostate cancer: update 2010. CA Cancer J Clin. 2010 Mar-Apr. 60(2):70-98. [Medline].

3. [Guideline] U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Prostate Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. May 8, 2018. 319(18):1901-1913. [Full Text].

4. Hayes JH, Ollendorf DA, Pearson SD, Barry MJ, et al. Active surveillance compared with initial treatment for men with low-risk prostate cancer: a decision analysis. JAMA. 2010 Dec 1. 304(21):2373-80. [Medline]. [Full Text].

5. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2020. Available at https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2020/cancer-facts-and-figures-2020.pdf. Accessed: May 22, 2020.

6. Al Olama AA, Kote-Jarai Z, Giles GG, Guy M, Morrison J, et al. Multiple loci on 8q24 associated with prostate cancer susceptibility. Nat Genet. 2009 Oct. 41(10):1058-60. [Medline].

7. Ewing CM, Ray AM, Lange EM, Zuhlke KA, Robbins CM, et al. Germline mutations in HOXB13 and prostate-cancer risk. N Engl J Med. 2012 Jan 12. 366(2):141-9. [Medline].

8. Raymond VM, Mukherjee B, Wang F, Huang SC, Stoffel EM, Kastrinos F, et al. Elevated Risk of Prostate Cancer Among Men With Lynch Syndrome. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Mar 25. [Medline].

9. Hsing AW, Comstock GW. Serological precursors of cancer: serum hormones and risk of subsequent prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1993 Jan-Feb. 2(1):27-32. [Medline].

10. Thompson IM, Goodman PJ, Tangen CM, Lucia MS, Miller GJ, Ford LG, et al. The influence of finasteride on the development of prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003 Jul 17. 349(3):215-24. [Medline].

11. Andriole GL, Bostwick DG, Brawley OW, Gomella LG, et al. Effect of dutasteride on the risk of prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010 Apr 1. 362(13):1192-202. [Medline].

12. ASCO/AUA Special Announcement on FDA Decision Re: Dutasteride. February 2, 2011. [Full Text].

13. FDA Drug Safety Communication: 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs) may increase the risk of a more serious form of prostate cancer. U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Available at http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm258314.htm. June 9, 2011; Accessed: February 16, 2018.

14. Cancer Stat Facts: Prostate Cancer. National Cancer Institute. Available at https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/prost.html. Accessed: May 22, 2020.

15. Weiner AB, Matulewicz RS, Eggener SE, Schaeffer EM. Increasing incidence of metastatic prostate cancer in the United States (2004-2013). Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2016 Jul 19. [Medline]. [Full Text].

16. Bleyer A, Spreafico F, Barr R. Prostate cancer in young men: An emerging young adult and older adolescent challenge. Cancer. 2019 Sep 25. [Medline].

17. Fowler JE Jr, Sanders J, Bigler SA, Rigdon J, Kilambi NK, Land SA. Percent free prostate specific antigen and cancer detection in black and white men with total prostate specific antigen 2.5 to 9.9 ng./ml. J Urol. 2000 May. 163(5):1467-70. [Medline].

18. Eggener SE, Scardino PT, Walsh PC, Han M, et al. Predicting 15-year prostate cancer specific mortality after radical prostatectomy. J Urol. 2011 Mar. 185(3):869-75. [Medline].

19. Cooperberg MR, Broering JM, Carroll PR. Risk assessment for prostate cancer metastasis and mortality at the time of diagnosis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009 Jun 16. 101(12):878-87. [Medline]. [Full Text].

20. Laidman J. Lower Mortality Associated With Opioid-Sparing Prostatectomy. Medscape Medical News. Dec 18 2013. [Full Text].

21. Scavonetto F, Yeoh TY, Umbreit EC, et al. Association between neuraxial analgesia, cancer progression, and mortality after radical prostatectomy: a large, retrospective matched cohort study. Br J Anaesth. 2013 Dec 16. [Medline].

22. Kenfield SA, Stampfer MJ, Chan JM, Giovannucci E. Smoking and prostate cancer survival and recurrence. JAMA. 2011 Jun 22. 305(24):2548-55. [Medline]. [Full Text].

23. Joshu CE, Mondul AM, Meinhold CL, Humphreys EB, Han M, Walsh PC, et al. Cigarette smoking and prostate cancer recurrence after prostatectomy. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011 May 18. 103(10):835-8. [Medline]. [Full Text].

24. Li WQ, Qureshi AA, Ma J, Goldstein AM, Giovannucci EL, Stampfer MJ, et al. Personal History of Prostate Cancer and Increased Risk of Incident Melanoma in the United States. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Nov 4. [Medline].

25. Markert EK, Mizuno H, Vazquez A, Levine AJ. Molecular classification of prostate cancer using curated expression signatures. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Dec 27. 108(52):21276-81. [Medline]. [Full Text].

26. [Guideline] Prostate Cancer. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Available at http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/prostate.pdf. Version a promising diagnostic test that may improve both selection of patients for and monitoring of patients on active surveillance.180 The literature reports a high negative predictive value (82-95%) for the detection of clinically significant prostate; Accessed: May 22, 2020.

27. Naji L, Randhawa H, Sohani Z, Dennis B, Lautenbach D, Kavanagh O, et al. Digital Rectal Examination for Prostate Cancer Screening in Primary Care: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ann Fam Med. 2018 Mar. 16 (2):149-154. [Medline]. [Full Text].

28. Wilt TJ, Brawer MK, Jones KM, Barry MJ, Aronson WJ, et al. Radical prostatectomy versus observation for localized prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012 Jul 19. 367(3):203-13. [Medline]. [Full Text].

29. Wilt TJ, Jones KM, Barry MJ, Andriole GL, Culkin D, Wheeler T, et al. Follow-up of Prostatectomy versus Observation for Early Prostate Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017 Jul 13. 377 (2):132-142. [Medline].

30. Ilic D, Djulbegovic M, Jung JH, Hwang EC, Zhou Q, Cleves A, et al. Prostate cancer screening with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2018 Sep 5. 362:k3519. [Medline]. [Full Text].

31. Nelson R. Prostate Cancer Screening: No Effect on Overall Mortality. Medscape Medical News. Available at https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/901805. September 11, 2018; Accessed: September 14, 2018.

32. American Cancer Society Recommendations for Prostate Cancer Early Detection. American Cancer Society. Available at http://www.cancer.org/Cancer/ProstateCancer/MoreInformation/ProstateCancerEarlyDetection/prostate-cancer-early-detection-acs-recommendations. August 1, 2019; Accessed: May 22, 2020.

33. [Guideline] National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Prostate Cancer Early Detection. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Available at https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/prostate_detection.pdf. Version 2.2019 — May 31, 2019; Accessed: May 22, 2020.

34. [Guideline] Screening for Prostate Cancer: Current Recommendation. US Preventive Services Task Force. May 2012. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Available at http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/UpdateSummaryFinal/prostate-cancer-screening?ds=1&s=prostate. May 8, 2018; Accessed: May 22, 2020.

35. American Urological Association. AUA Disputes Panel’s Recommendations on Prostate Cancer Screening. Available at https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/aua-disputes-panels-recommendations-on-prostate-cancer-screening-152349275.html. May 21, 2012; Accessed: August 6, 2019.

36. Chustecka Z. AUA Issues New Guidelines on PSA Screening. Medscape Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/803558. Accessed: May 14, 2013.

37. [Guideline] Qaseem A, Barry MJ, Denberg TD, Owens DK, Shekelle P. Screening for Prostate Cancer: A Guidance Statement From the Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2013 Apr 9. [Medline].

38. Andriole GL, Crawford ED, Grubb RL 3rd, Buys SS, et al. Mortality results from a randomized prostate-cancer screening trial. N Engl J Med. 2009 Mar 26. 360(13):1310-9. [Medline]. [Full Text].

39. Schröder FH, Hugosson J, Roobol MJ, Tammela TL, et al. Screening and prostate-cancer mortality in a randomized European study. N Engl J Med. 2009 Mar 26. 360(13):1320-8. [Medline].

40. Hugosson J, Carlsson S, Aus G, Bergdahl S, et al. Mortality results from the Göteborg randomised population-based prostate-cancer screening trial. Lancet Oncol. 2010 Aug. 11(8):725-32. [Medline].

41. Holmberg L, Bill-Axelson A, Helgesen F, Salo JO, Folmerz P et al. A randomized trial comparing radical prostatectomy with watchful waiting in early prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2002 Sep 12. 347(11):781-9. [Medline].

42. Page EC, Bancroft EK, Brook MN, et al. Interim Results from the IMPACT Study: Evidence for Prostate-specific Antigen Screening in BRCA2 Mutation Carriers. Eur Urol. 2019 Sep 16. [Medline]. [Full Text].

43. Bul M, van Leeuwen PJ, Zhu X, Schröder FH, Roobol MJ. Prostate cancer incidence and disease-specific survival of men with initial prostate-specific antigen less than 3.0 ng/ml who are participating in ERSPC Rotterdam. Eur Urol. 2011 Apr. 59(4):498-505. [Medline].

44. Bul M, van Leeuwen PJ, Zhu X, Schröder FH, Roobol MJ. Prostate cancer incidence and disease-specific survival of men with initial prostate-specific antigen less than 3.0 ng/ml who are participating in ERSPC Rotterdam. Eur Urol. 2011 Apr. 59(4):498-505. [Medline].

45. Shao YH, Albertsen PC, Roberts CB, Lin Y, Mehta AR, Stein MN, et al. Risk profiles and treatment patterns among men diagnosed as having prostate cancer and a prostate-specific antigen level below 4.0 ng/ml. Arch Intern Med. 2010 Jul 26. 170(14):1256-61. [Medline].

46. Preston MA, Batista JL, Wilson KM, Carlsson SV, Gerke T, Sjoberg DD, et al. Baseline Prostate-Specific Antigen Levels in Midlife Predict Lethal Prostate Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2016 Jun 13. [Medline].

47. Vickers AJ, Till C, Tangen CM, Lilja H, Thompson IM. An empirical evaluation of guidelines on prostate-specific antigen velocity in prostate cancer detection. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011 Mar 16. 103(6):462-9. [Medline]. [Full Text].

48. Mulcahy N. Fingerprick PSA Test Has In-Office Results in 12 Minutes. Medscape Medical News. Available at https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/911922. April 17, 2019; Accessed: May 8, 2019.

49. Ahmed HU, Bosaily AE-S, Brown LC, et al; PROMIS study group. Diagnostic accuracy of multi-parametric MRI and TRUS biopsy in prostate cancer (PROMIS): a paired validating confirmatory study. Lancet. 19 January 2017. [Full Text].

50. Mitterberger M, Pinggera GM, Horninger W, et al. Comparison of contrast enhanced color Doppler targeted biopsy to conventional systematic biopsy: impact on Gleason score. J Urol. 2007 Aug. 178(2):464-8; discussion 468. [Medline].

51. Cornelis F, Rigou G, Le Bras Y, et al. Real-time contrast-enhanced transrectal US-guided prostate biopsy: diagnostic accuracy in men with previously negative biopsy results and positive MR imaging findings. Radiology. 2013 Oct. 269(1):159-66. [Medline].

52. Stewart GD, Van Neste L, Delvenne P, Delrée P, Delga A, McNeill SA, et al. Clinical utility of an epigenetic assay to detect occult prostate cancer in histopathologically negative biopsies: results of the MATLOC study. J Urol. 2013 Mar. 189 (3):1110-6. [Medline].

53. National Cancer Institute. Prostate Cancer Screening (PDQ®). Available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/screening/prostate/HealthProfessional/allpages. April 22, 2020; Accessed: May 22, 2020.

54. Rosario DJ, Lane JA, Metcalfe C, Donovan JL, Doble A, et al. Short term outcomes of prostate biopsy in men tested for cancer by prostate specific antigen: prospective evaluation within ProtecT study. BMJ. 2012 Jan 9. 344:d7894. [Medline]. [Full Text].

55. Mulcahy N. Trexit: A 'Clean Break' from Transrectal Prostate Biopsies. Medscape Medical News. Available at https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/912823. May 9, 2019; Accessed: May 10, 2019.

56. Lu-Yao GL, Albertsen PC, Moore DF, Shih W, Lin Y, et al. Outcomes of localized prostate cancer following conservative management. JAMA. 2009 Sep 16. 302(11):1202-9. [Medline]. [Full Text].

57. Eiber M, Rauscher I, Souvatzoglou M, Maurer T, Schwaiger M, Holzapfel K, et al. Prospective head-to-head comparison of ¹¹C-choline-PET/MR and ¹¹C-choline-PET/CT for restaging of biochemical recurrent prostate cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2017 Dec. 44 (13):2179-2188. [Medline].

58. [Guideline] Expert Panel on Urologic Imaging:., Coakley FV, Oto A, Alexander LF, Allen BC, Davis BJ, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria^® Prostate Cancer-Pretreatment Detection, Surveillance, and Staging. J Am Coll Radiol. 2017 May. 14 (5S):S245-S257. [Medline].

59. Ellis RJ, Kaminsky DA, Zhou EH, Fu P, Chen WD, Brelin A, et al. Ten-year outcomes: the clinical utility of single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography capromab pendetide (Prostascint) in a cohort diagnosed with localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011 Sep 1. 81(1):29-34. [Medline].

60. Buyyounouski MK, Choyke PL, McKenney JK, Sartor O, Sandler HM, Amin MB, et al. Prostate cancer - major changes in the American Joint Committee on Cancer eighth edition cancer staging manual. CA Cancer J Clin. 2017 May 6. 67 (3):245-253. [Medline]. [Full Text].

61. Mulcahy N. Tool Updated for Predicting Prostate Cancer Severity. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/777352. Accessed: January 15, 2013.

62. Eifler JB, Feng Z, Lin BM, Partin MT, Humphreys EB, Han M, et al. An updated prostate cancer staging nomogram (Partin tables) based on cases from 2006 to 2011. BJU Int. 2013 Jan. 111(1):22-9. [Medline].

63. Cooperberg MR, Broering JM, Carroll PR. Risk assessment for prostate cancer metastasis and mortality at the time of diagnosis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009 Jun 16. 101(12):878-87. [Medline]. [Full Text].

64. Lowry F. Revamped prostate cancer risk calculator now online. Medscape Medical News. August 8, 2014. [Full Text].

65. Thompson IM Jr, Leach RJ, Ankerst DP. Focusing PSA Testing on Detection of High-Risk Prostate Cancers by Incorporating Patient Preferences Into Decision Making. JAMA. 2014 Aug 4. [Medline].

66. Crawford ED, Blumenstein BA. Proposed substages for metastatic prostate cancer. Urology. 1997 Dec. 50(6):1027-8. [Medline].

67. Haese A, Epstein JI, Huland H, Partin AW. Validation of a biopsy-based pathologic algorithm for predicting lymph node metastases in patients with clinically localized prostate carcinoma. Cancer. 2002 Sep 1. 95(5):1016-21. [Medline].

68. [Guideline] Sanda MG, Cadeddu JA, Kirkby E, Chen RC, Crispino T, Fontanarosa J, et al. Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer: AUA/ASTRO/SUO Guideline. Part II: Recommended Approaches and Details of Specific Care Options. J Urol. 2018 Apr. 199 (4):990-997. [Medline]. [Full Text].

69. PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board. Prostate Cancer Treatment (PDQ®). National Cancer Institute. Available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/prostate/HealthProfessional/page4. February 5, 2019; Accessed: August 6, 2019.

70. Lu-Yao GL, Albertsen PC, Moore DF, Shih W, Lin Y, DiPaola RS, et al. Fifteen-Year Survival Outcomes Following Primary Androgen-Deprivation Therapy for Localized Prostate Cancer. JAMA Intern Med. 2014 Jul 14. [Medline].

71. Loeb S, Byrne N, Makarov DV. Cancer in the Veterans Affairs Integrated Health Care System From 2005-2015. JAMA. Published online May 15, 2018. [Full Text].

72. Boorjian SA, Thompson RH, Siddiqui S, Bagniewski S, Bergstralh EJ, Karnes RJ, et al. Long-term outcome after radical prostatectomy for patients with lymph node positive prostate cancer in the prostate specific antigen era. J Urol. 2007 Sep. 178(3 Pt 1):864-70; discussion 870-1. [Medline].

73. Draisma G, Etzioni R, Tsodikov A, Mariotto A, Wever E, Gulati R, et al. Lead time and overdiagnosis in prostate-specific antigen screening: importance of methods and context. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009 Mar 18. 101(6):374-83. [Medline]. [Full Text].

74. Cantiello F, Russo GI, Kaufmann S, Cacciamani G, Crocerossa F, Ferro M, et al. Role of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging for patients under active surveillance for prostate cancer: a systematic review with diagnostic meta-analysis. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2019 May. 22 (2):206-220. [Medline].

75. Bill-Axelson A, Holmberg L, Ruutu M, Garmo H, Stark JR, Busch C, et al. Radical prostatectomy versus watchful waiting in early prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2011 May 5. 364(18):1708-17. [Medline].

76. Therapies for Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Available at https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/topics/prostate-cancer-therapies-update/clinician. January 21, 2016; Accessed: February 16, 2018.

77. Therapies for Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer: Update of a 2008 Systematic Review. AHRQ. Available at https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/topics/prostate-cancer-therapies-update/research. December 16, 2014; Accessed: February 16, 2018.

78. Azzouzi A-R, Vincendeau S, Barret E, et al, on behalf of the PCM301 Study Group. Padeliporfin vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy versus active surveillance in men with low-risk prostate cancer (CLIN1001 PCM301): an open-label, phase 3, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Oncology. Available at http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanonc/article/PIIS1470-2045(16)30661-1/fulltext. December 19, 2016; Accessed: February 16, 2018.

79. Geinitz H, Thamm R, Keller M, Astner ST, Heinrich C, et al. Longitudinal study of intestinal symptoms and fecal continence in patients with conformal radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011 Apr 1. 79(5):1373-80. [Medline].

80. Nihei K, Ogino T, Onozawa M, Murayama S, Fuji H, Murakami M, et al. Multi-institutional Phase II study of proton beam therapy for organ-confined prostate cancer focusing on the incidence of late rectal toxicities. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011 Oct 1. 81(2):390-6. [Medline].

81. Sheets NC, Goldin GH, Meyer AM, Wu Y, Chang Y, et al. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy, proton therapy, or conformal radiation therapy and morbidity and disease control in localized prostate cancer. JAMA. 2012 Apr 18. 307(15):1611-20. [Medline].

82. Briganti A, Wiegel T, Joniau S, Cozzarini C, Bianchi M, et al. Early salvage radiation therapy does not compromise cancer control in patients with pT3N0 prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy: results of a match-controlled multi-institutional analysis. Eur Urol. 2012 Sep. 62(3):472-87. [Medline].

83. Wallis CJ, Mahar AL, Choo R, Herschorn S, Kodama RT, Shah PS, et al. Second malignancies after radiotherapy for prostate cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2016 Mar 2. 352:i851. [Medline]. [Full Text].

84. [Guideline] Rosenthal SA, Bittner NH, Beyer DC, Demanes DJ, et al. American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO) and American College of Radiology (ACR) practice guideline for the transperineal permanent brachytherapy of prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011 Feb 1. 79(2):335-41. [Medline].

85. D'Amico AV, Chen MH, Renshaw AA, Loffredo M, Kantoff PW. Androgen suppression and radiation vs radiation alone for prostate cancer: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2008 Jan 23. 299(3):289-95. [Medline].

86. Jones CU, Hunt D, McGowan DG, Amin MB et al. Radiotherapy and short-term androgen deprivation for localized prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2011 Jul 14. 365(2):107-18. [Medline].

87. Pisansky TM, Hunt D, Gomella LG, Amin MB, Balogh AG, Chinn DM, et al. Duration of androgen suppression before radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer: radiation therapy oncology group randomized clinical trial 9910. J Clin Oncol. 2015 Feb 1. 33 (4):332-9. [Medline]. [Full Text].

88. Messing EM, Manola J, Sarosdy M, Wilding G, Crawford ED, Trump D. Immediate hormonal therapy compared with observation after radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy in men with node-positive prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 1999 Dec 9. 341(24):1781-8. [Medline].

89. Bolla M, Collette L, Blank L, Warde P, Dubois JB, et al. Long-term results with immediate androgen suppression and external irradiation in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer (an EORTC study): a phase III randomised trial. Lancet. 2002 Jul 13. 360(9327):103-6. [Medline].

90. Bolla M, de Reijke TM, Van Tienhoven G, Van den Bergh AC, et al. Duration of androgen suppression in the treatment of prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009 Jun 11. 360(24):2516-27. [Medline].

91. Bria E, Cuppone F, Giannarelli D, Milella M, et al. Does hormone treatment added to radiotherapy improve outcome in locally advanced prostate cancer?: meta-analysis of randomized trials. Cancer. 2009 Aug 1. 115(15):3446-56. [Medline].

92. Mulcahy N. Radiotherapy Plus ADT Benefit Confirmed in High-risk Prostate Cancer. Medscape [serial online]. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/819946. Accessed: February 3, 2014.

93. Osterweil N. Overturning Dogma -- Using Testosterone in Prostate Cancer. Medscape Medical News. Available at https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/910647. March 20, 2019; Accessed: March 28, 2019.

94. Freedland SJ, Humphreys EB, Mangold LA, Eisenberger M, Dorey FJ, Walsh PC, et al. Risk of prostate cancer-specific mortality following biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. JAMA. 2005 Jul 27. 294(4):433-9. [Medline].

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96. de Vrij J, Willemsen RA, Lindholm L, Hoeben RC, et al. Adenovirus-derived vectors for prostate cancer gene therapy. Hum Gene Ther. 2010 Jul. 21(7):795-805. [Medline].

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98. Murat FJ, Gelet A. Current status of high-intensity focused ultrasound for prostate cancer: technology, clinical outcomes, and future. Curr Urol Rep. 2008 Mar. 9(2):113-21. [Medline].

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111. Maximum androgen blockade in advanced prostate cancer: an overview of the randomised trials. Prostate Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group. Lancet. 2000 Apr 29. 355(9214):1491-8. [Medline].

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113. Sweeney CJ, Chen YH, Carducci M, Liu G, Jarrard DF, Eisenberger M, et al. Chemohormonal Therapy in Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015 Aug 5. 42 (9):863-6. [Medline]. [Full Text].

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116. Smith MR, Saad F, Egerdie B, Sieber PR, Tammela TL, Ke C, et al. Sarcopenia during androgen-deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2012 Sep 10. 30(26):3271-6. [Medline]. [Full Text].

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Gerald W Chodak, MD &#0134; Editor, www.ProstateVideos.com; Medscape Urology, Experts and Viewpoints--Controversies in Urology; Director of Medical Content, Answers Media, LLC; Author, Winning the Battle Against Prostate Cancer

Gerald W Chodak, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Urological Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Edward David Kim, MD, FACS Professor of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine; Consulting Staff, University of Tennessee Medical Center

Edward David Kim, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Society for Reproductive Medicine, American Society of Andrology, American Urological Association, Sexual Medicine Society of North America, Tennessee Medical Association

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: Endo.

Tracey L Krupski, MD, MPH Assistant Professor, Department of Urology, University of Virginia School of Medicine

Tracey L Krupski, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: American Medical Association, American Urological Association, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Society of Women in Urology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Bagi RP Jana, MD Professor of Medicine (Genitourinary Oncology), Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston

Bagi RP Jana, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Cancer Society, American Medical Association, American Society of Clinical Oncology, SWOG

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Gerald W Chodak, MD &#0134; Editor, www.ProstateVideos.com; Medscape Urology, Experts and Viewpoints--Controversies in Urology; Director of Medical Content, Answers Media, LLC; Author, Winning the Battle Against Prostate Cancer

Gerald W Chodak, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Urological Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Isamettin Andrew Aral, MD, MSc Attending Physician, Nassau Radiologic Group (Long Island Radiation Therapy); Clinical Assistant Professor of Radiation Oncology, State University of New York Downstate College of Medicine

Isamettin Andrew Aral, MD, MSc, is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Radiology, American Medical Association, and American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Hassan Aziz, MD Clinical Professor, Department of Radiation Oncology, Downstate Medical Center and Long Island College Hospital, State University of New York at Downstate

Hassan Aziz, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Radiology and American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michael Giasullo, MD Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Urology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center; Chief, Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Lutheran Medical Center; Consulting Staff, Bay Ridge Urology Associates; Assistant Attending Physician, Department of Surgery, Urology Section, Methodist Hospital

Michael Giasullo, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Medical Association and American Urological Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Leonard Gabriel Gomella, MD, FACS The Bernard W Godwin Professor of Prostate Cancer Chairman, Department of Urology, Associate Director of Clinical Affairs, Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University

Leonard Gabriel Gomella, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Cancer Research, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, American Society for Laser Medicine and Surgery, American Urological Association, Sigma Xi, Society for Basic Urologic Research, Society of University Urologists, and Society of Urologic Oncology

Disclosure: GSK Consulting fee Consulting; Astra Zeneca Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Watson Pharmaceuticals Consulting fee Consulting

Fazal Hussain, MD, MBBS Director, Clinical Research, King Faisal Cancer Centre

Fazal Hussain, MD, MBBS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Radiology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Nicholas Karanikolas, MD Associate Professor, Department of Urology, SUNY Downstate College of Medicine; Director, Urologic Oncology, Staten Island University Hospital; Attending Physician, Department of Urology, Brooklyn Veterans Administration Hospital

Nicholas Karanikolas, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Urological Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

Dan Theodorescu, MD, PhD Paul A Bunn Professor of Cancer Research, Professor of Surgery and Pharmacology, Director, University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center

Dan Theodorescu, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Cancer Society, American College of Surgeons, American Urological Association, Medical Society of Virginia, Society for Basic Urologic Research, and Society of Urologic Oncology

Disclosure: Key Genomics Ownership interest Co-Founder-50% Stock Ownership; KromaTiD, Inc Stock Options Board membership

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